Tsofaffin kwari a duniyar nan su ne kudan zuma na daji. A matsayinsu na ƙwararrun masu pollinators, da kyau sun mamaye wuri na musamman a cikin yanayin yanayin. Yawan kwari ba makawa yana raguwa, a matsayin ɗan adam, zama a ƙasa, ya bar ƙasa da ƙasa da yankuna masu dacewa don rayuwa.
Idan ba ku dakatar da mutuwar waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki ba, to bisa ga lissafin masana kimiyya, za su ɓace daga fuskar duniyar a cikin 2035. A halin yanzu, kawai ajiyar aiki ɗaya ne kawai ke kula da yawan nau’in. Waɗannan su ne gandun daji na Bashkiria na musamman, inda har yanzu suna kare tsire-tsire na zuma “kyauta” kuma suna tattara samfuran magani na mahimman ayyukan su: zumar daji.
origen
Kudan zuma rukuni ne na kwari masu tashi. Yana cikin tsari na Hymenoptera. Kimiyya “Apiology” tana nazarin bayyanar, halaye na hali, ayyukan rayuwa. Kakan tsire-tsire na zuma shine tsutsa mai farauta.
Canji daga ciyarwar kwari zuwa shayarwar pollen da ake zaton ya faru ne a hankali a cikin aiwatar da cinye ƙwarin da suka lalata tsire-tsire kuma suka rufe kansu da pollen. An samo kudan zuma mafi tsufa a cikin amber a cikin 2006. Shekarun binciken ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 100).
Kalmar “kudan zuma” kanta tana da tsohuwar asalin Slavic. Wannan nau’i na sanarwa shine onomatopoeic “bučati” – “buzz”. Duk wani kwaro a cikin wannan rukuni yana da fuka-fuki guda biyu, proboscis, sting, da gland.
Ina kudan daji ke zama?
Wurin da Sang ya fi so shi ne gonakin gandun daji, dazuzzuka. Babban yanayin shine nisan hanyoyi, cibiyoyin masana’antu, matsugunan mutane.
Mafi kyawun wuri don iyali shine wannan rami. Hakanan za’a iya gina gidan a tsakanin rassan bishiya a cikin rufaffiyar rufi, a cikin ramukan bango ko tsaunuka. Burrows da aka tona a cikin ƙasa kuma sun dace da daidaitawa.
Wani lokaci wurin zama mai daɗi yana kusa da mutum. Wurin da ke ƙarƙashin rufin ɗakin zubar ko gida, sararin samaniya tsakanin firam, da dai sauransu ya dace.
Ya kamata wurin zama na iyali ya dace a hanyoyi da yawa. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine kasancewar tushen ruwan da ke kusa.
Nau’in kudan zuma na daji
Masana kimiyya na zamani sun bayyana fiye da nau’in kwari masu fuka-fuki fiye da dubu 20. Babban amfani da shi shine pollination na shuke-shuke, samar da zuma, propolis, kakin zuma, gurasar kudan zuma.
Yawancin nau’ikan ana ɗaukar su “jama’a.” Kowane memba na al’umma yana da nasu “wuri” da takamaiman ayyuka:
- ƙananan kwari suna ciyar da mahaifa, suna girma matasa;
- daidaikun mutane masu shekaru 10 suna samar da kakin zuma kuma suna tsunduma cikin ginin combs;
- ƙudan zuma sun zama masu ɓarna da tsaftacewa a cikin kwanaki 15;
- manya “ma’aikata” suna tattara zuma.
Semi-social jinsuna suna rayuwa a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Adadin iyalai sun kai 12. An bambanta su ta hanyar ci gaban ci gaba na shekara guda da manufa guda: don tsira da hunturu.
Nau’in kadaici ba sa tattara zuma, amma suna da kyau pollinators. Kudan zuma osmium wani nau’in kwari ne na kwari. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi yawan masu aikin pollinators. A wasu yankuna na Amurka da Kanada, an fara noma. A rarrabe da jinsunan ne sauki daga da abun ciki.
Osmium yana amfani da wuraren ɓoye na halitta don yin ƙwai:
- cavities;
- ramuka a cikin itace;
- fasa cikin ɓawon burodi, da sauransu.
A kasan “gidan,” mahaifar ta fara fara kwai daga mace, sannan daga namiji. Suna ci gaba da sauri. A cikin kowace tantanin halitta, macen tana sanya wadatar abinci kuma ta rufe shi da abin togi.
Larvae ya kasance a rufe har sai bazara. Mahaifa, bayan ya cika gida da yawa, ya mutu. Tare da zuwan zafi, samari suna fitowa kuma sake zagayowar ta fara sabon.
Irin wannan kudan zuma yana da kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da shi a cikin greenhouses.
Har ila yau, akwai kwayoyin cuta a cikinsu. Sun sami sunan su daga kamancen dabi’a da tsuntsun Cuckoo. Kokarin samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ‘ya’yansu, sai su kutsa cikin gidan wani su sa qwai a wurin. Larvae suna girma kuma suna haɓaka a cikin tanadin abinci na iyali. Ba sa gina gidajensu.
Wani fasalin nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i)) shine rashin na’urar tattara pollen. Rufin gashi a zahiri baya nan a yawancin mutane. A waje, suna kama da zazzagewa. Akwai dubban nau’in irin waɗannan ƙudan zuma – parasites.
bayyanar
Tsire-tsiren zuma na daji da ma’aikatan gida suna da alaƙa da yawa. Amma nau’in jinsin halitta ya bambanta da waɗanda aka zaɓa har ma a waje:
- Bambanci na farko shine launi. Mutanen daji suna bambanta da ƙananan maɓalli, launi monochromatic. Sautunan suna kashe. Ma’aikatan cikin gida suna da wayo da hazaka.
- Girman. Nau’in zaɓaɓɓu sun fi ‘yan uwansu girma girma.
- Mutanen daji suna da harsashi mai kariya akan ƙirji.
- Fuka-fukan gaba biyu sun fi na baya tsayi. Tsarin gashi mai kauri yana kare kariya daga sanyi.
Halin hali
Mutanen daji suna da tsarin jiki iri ɗaya da na gida:
- nau’i biyu na fuka-fuki;
- cabeza
- in ba haka ba;
- ciki;
- kafafu
- proboscis;
- Da hargitsi.
Hakanan ana siffanta su da gashi mai gashi da kwarangwal na chitinous. Kyakkyawan hangen nesa yana shaida ta gaban idanu masu fuska biyu da uku masu sauki. Mata da maza suna da eriya a adadi daban-daban. Wannan sashin warin yana da mafi girman hankali. Ana amfani da shi don sanin matakin zafi, zafi, da kasancewar carbon dioxide a cikin gida.
Akwai abubuwan dandano akan proboscis da ƙafafu. Leben ƙasa ya zama bututu. Na sama yana kama da farantin chitinous. Cizon yana nan a ƙarshen ciki. Akwai wasu ƙira a saman. Saboda haka, bayan kudan zuma ya harba abokan gaba, ya kasance a cikin jiki. Kudan zuma ita kanta kullum tana mutuwa lokaci guda.
Me suke ci
Tsiran zuma na daji, da kuma “masu daraja,” suna cin nectar da pollen da aka tattara daga tsire-tsire masu fure. Sun fi son bishiyoyi irin su linden, ceri tsuntsaye. Daga shrubs – viburnum. Ganye: clover, oregano, thyme, Angelica, uwa da uwarsa, chicory, Mint, Sage.
Inda suke hibernate
Tsire-tsire na zuma “kyauta” suna yin hibernate a cikin gidansu. Da farkon lokacin sanyi, ana tsaftace gidan. Kudan zuma suna tsaftace tarkace, suna korar jirage masu saukar ungulu, kuma suna rufe combs da matosai. Kare gidanka daga zane-zane da danshi mai yawa, kwari suna rufe fashe tare da propolis.
A ƙarshen kaka, tsire-tsire na zuma suna tattara cikin babban dunƙule ɗaya. Yawansa ya dogara da yanayin zafi. Da sanyin waje sai kara rudewa suke yi. Kwarorin da ke saman matakin ba su da aiki. A cikin gida, daidaikun mutane suna motsi sosai, suna fitar da zafi. Zazzabi na ciki ya kai 350.
Kadan kadan, kudan zuma suna canza wurare. Mutane, suna motsawa cikin ciki, suna dumi kuma suna fara samar da zafi da kansu. Iyalin, suna amfani da kayan abinci, suna motsawa a hankali.
Don samun nasarar hunturu, dole ne a cika manyan sharuɗɗan:
- babban kuma mai karfi taro;
- stock na zuma;
- shirye-shiryen gidan (ba tare da zane da zafi ba);
- zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a kusa da gidan hunturu.
Lokacin da a cikin yanayin sanyi metabolism yana raguwa don kudan zuma, har zuwa 7 MG na abinci kowace rana ya wadatar.
Yaya gidan kudan zuma yayi kama?
Gidajen dangin daji suna cikin ramukan bishiyoyi. Tsarin ciki koyaushe yana daidai da girman, siffar “ɗakin” da wurin famfo.
Gina koyaushe yana farawa daga matakin ƙasa. An haɗe saƙar zuma amintacce daga tarnaƙi da sama. Kasa yana zagaye. Sabon iyali ya sake gina faranti 5-7. Girmansa ya dogara da girman girman taro, wuri, lokacin “gini”. Koyaya, nisa tsakanin sel koyaushe iri ɗaya ne: 12,5 cm.
Tare da karuwar yawan mutane, gidan yana faɗaɗa kuma yana iya girma har zuwa mita biyu a diamita. Lallai kwari za su “rufe” babban budi a kofar shiga, yayin da za a huda karami.
Ƙofar ƙasa tana kan tsayi har zuwa mita 7. Ana gina gidan a gefen kudu na bishiyoyi. Dole ne akwai tushen ruwa a kusa. Yawancin ƙudan zuma suna zaɓar tsohuwar linden ko aspen tare da rami. Idan, lokacin da aka buga ganga, ganga ya fara huta, to gida yana kusa.
Amfani Properties na zuma
Samfurin kiwon zuma da tsire-tsiren zumar daji ke tarawa yana da kyaun muhalli. Yana da daraja sosai don abubuwan warkarwa na musamman.
Tarin yana faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara. A ƙarshen lokacin rani, a ƙarshe zuma ta yi girma kuma ta yi girma. Danshi mai yawa yana ɓacewa.
An bambanta samfurin ta launin duhu, daidaito mai kauri da ƙamshin zuma mai ƙarfi. Yana ɗan daci. Ba ya yin crystallize na dogon lokaci. Saboda abun da ke ciki, ana amfani dashi a cikin shahararrun magunguna da magungunan gargajiya.
Bishiyoyi don kiwon zuma na gaske suna da wuya sosai. A yau yawancin jama’a suna zaune a Bashkiria. A cikin dazuzzukan wannan jamhuriyar ne kawai ake fitar da zumar daji da yawa.
Bortniki – Masu sana’a suna tattara ajiyar zuma ba tare da cutar da iyalai ba. Girman samfurin da aka saba daga gida shine 1 kg, ƙari yana da wuya sosai.
Yaya kudan zuman daji suka bambanta da kwari na gida?
Hakanan ana iya ganin alamun yankin kudan zuma na gama-gari a cikin gidajen daji. Ciki ya mamaye dukkan al’umma. Ta yi kwai. Babban abun da ke ciki shine ma’aikata. A matakai daban-daban na rayuwa, suna da alhakin wasu wuraren aiki:
- kula da mahaifa;
- tarbiyyar matasa;
- tsaftace hive;
- ginin saƙar zuma;
- tattara zuma.
Differences
- launi mai hankali;
- karamin girma
- babban matakin kuzari;
- babban himma da babban aiki;
- tsarin rigakafi mai karfi;
- Kariyar waje a cikin nau’in gashi mai kauri yana ba shi damar tsira a cikin sanyi mai tsanani har zuwa -500;
- zalunci, kai hari ga abokan gaba ba tare da gargadi ba.
Dole ne bayyanar da hali su kare kariya daga makiya na waje kuma su inganta rayuwa.
Yadda ake kamawa
Don noman tsire-tsire na zuma, abu mafi mahimmanci shine samar musu da “gidan” da suka saba. Suna zabar bishiyoyi, suna gina ramuka. Kuna iya shirya benaye.
Kuna iya kama iyali ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
- A lokacin taron, ana shirya tarkuna na musamman. Ana sanya su a wuri mai natsuwa da keɓe a cikin bishiya.
- Bayan sun sha taba mazaunan gida, suna tattara combs tare da brood kuma suna sanya su cikin sabon gida.
- Hanya ɗaya mai wahala ita ce yanke rami da itace.
dabarar kamun kifi
Ana yin tarkon tarko daga farantin karfe. Ana sanya firam ɗin ciki. Ba fiye da guda 8 ba. Don koto, sun sanya tsofaffi ɗaya ko biyu, sauran sun isa su ƙara da waya. An bar sarari kyauta na 2 cm tsakanin kasan akwatin da saƙar zuma.
An gyara tarkon tare da igiyoyi da majajjawa kusa da kambi a tsayin mita 5. Zai fi kyau a zaɓi bishiyoyi kusa da share ko yanke. Ana duba akwatin kowane kwanaki 7. Lokacin swarm yana daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa Yuli. Idan taro ya sauka akan tarko, sai a sauke shi daga bishiyar a kai shi.
Cire tarkon bayan faɗuwar rana lokacin da ƙudan zuma suka dawo. A hankali, ba tare da yin hayaniyar da ba dole ba, mai kiwon kudan zuma ya hau bishiyar kuma ya rufe shinge. Dole ne a kiyaye shi don hana buɗewar haɗari yayin sufuri. Lokacin shirya saukowa, ya zama dole a la’akari da cewa nauyin hive na wucin gadi zai zama fiye da kilo biyar.
Domadura
Kiwon daji: kiwon kwari a karkashin yanayin yanayi. Wannan aikin yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da ilimi. Iyalai suna ciyarwa akai-akai. Samar da ruwa mai dadi. Idan an yarda ya zauna a cikin amya, shirye-shiryen hunturu ya zama dole.
Shan zuma daga ƙudan zuma na daji yana da haɗari! Ba za ku iya yin shi da kanku ba tare da taimakon ƙwararren mai kiwon zuma ba.
Barasa kudan zuma
Matsalolin dafin a cikin kwarin daji ya fi na gida girma, don haka zafi ya fi karfi. Kumburi na yankin da abin ya shafa da kuma karuwa a cikin zafin jikin wanda aka azabtar yana yiwuwa.
Taimakon farko ga cizo:
- cire harba;
- fitar da guba;
- a yi maganin yankin da abin ya shafa da duk wani maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta;
- shan maganin antihistamine (Fenkarol, Suprastin, da dai sauransu);
- shafa damfara mai sanyi;
- Ana ba da shawarar shan ruwa mai yawa.
Yawan kudan zuma na daji yana da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam da lafiyar ɗan adam. Wani mummunan rashin lafiyan yana yiwuwa. Ya kamata ku nemi likita nan da nan.
Yadda ake fada
Kudan zuma na daji suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka. Gurbin kuma suna bayyana kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. Unguwar irin wannan tana tsoratar da mutane, domin tana da halin tashin hankali.
Kuna iya kawar da “maƙwabta” ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
- Kare yankin daga kwari tare da babban shinge. Yawo a kan wani babban cikas ga tsire-tsire na zuma na daji yana da matukar gajiyawa, za su nemi wurin da ya fi dacewa da “aiki”.
- Lavender bushes da aka dasa a wurin zai kare yankin daga masu kutse.
- Fumigating da wuraren ciki da waje tare da ganyaye masu kamshi (mint, oregano, sage) zai kori maƙwabta maras so.
- Kuna iya kawar da tarkon ta hanyar ba wa mai kiwon zuma. Mai kiwon kudan zuma zai taimaka wajen kama iyali kuma ya motsa shi zuwa isasshe mai nisa daga wurin da ya gabata.
- Nau’in ƙasa ba su da illa. Idan gida yana tsoma baki tare da aikin dasa shuki, to, an cika shi da ruwan zãfi ko kuma bi da shi da magungunan kashe qwari.
Don adana yawan kudan zuma, an haɗa su a cikin Jajayen Littafin. Suna bace. Ta hanyar kare tarin kwayoyin halitta daga kwari, an kiyaye wani muhimmin alkuki a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya, kuma mutum yana amfani da samfurin musamman na aikin ƙudan zuma – zuma.
