Abun gano Iron. Ayyuka. Alamun rashi da wuce haddi: hydroponics –

Iron (alamar sinadarai Fe) ɗaya ce daga cikin sinadarai guda shida ko abubuwan da ake ganowa don girma da haifuwar tsirrai. Daga cikin abubuwa na musamman na ƙarfe, ikonsa na yin valence canje-canje ko sauƙi oxidize shine ainihin mahimmancin ilimin halitta. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da bincike sun tattauna batun baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa, inda yake samuwa a cikin nau’i na ma’adanai (kamar hematite), sediments na kwayoyin halitta (irin su iron oxides), kwayoyin halitta (irin su humates), da ions a cikin maganin ƙasa. A kimiyyance, yana faruwa a cikin nau’i biyu ko jihohin oxidation: Fe³⁺ da Fe²⁺… Iron ƙarfe yana da sauƙi oxidized zuwa ferric, wanda kusan ba a narkewa a cikin ruwa. A cikin al’ada, da kyau aerated kasa noma, hadawan abu da iskar shaka tafiyar matakai rayayye faruwa sabili da haka trivalent baƙin ƙarfe predominates. Wadannan al’amura su ne ke haifar da matsalar karancin karfe a amfanin gonaki.

Kamar duk abubuwan gina jiki na shuka, ƙarfe dole ne ya kasance a cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa don tushen ya sha. Duk wani abu da ke rage yawan aiki ko taro na narkar da baƙin ƙarfe (Fe ions) zai yi mummunan tasiri ga sha. Wannan halayen yana dogara sosai akan matakin pH: aikin ƙarfe mai narkewa yana raguwa sau 1000 don kowane haɓakar pH ta ɗaya.

A dabi’a, yanayin yanayin ƙasa yana rinjayar halayen. Don waɗannan dalilai, ƙasa mai acidic mai kyau za ta sami babban abun ciki na ferric mai narkewa fiye da ƙasa alkaline. A ƙarƙashin rage yanayi, an fi son ƙarfe Fe²⁺… Yana da mahimmancin tushen ƙarfe mai narkewa a cikin yanayin anaerobic kamar filayen shinkafa da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye. Koyaya, mafi girman narkewar ƙarfe na ƙarfe na iya haifar da matsalolin gubar ƙarfe a wasu yanayi. Misali, “dawisu bass»A cikin shinkafa (fig.).

Ayyukan ƙarfe

Tsire-tsire suna buƙatar ƙarfe don samar da chlorophyll da kunna enzymes daban-daban, musamman waɗanda ke cikin photosynthesis da numfashi. Har ila yau, yana shiga cikin haɗin sunadarai da samuwar launi na ‘ya’yan itace. Kodayake ainihin aikin samar da chlorophyll ba a bayyana ba tukuna, an nuna tabbataccen dangantaka tsakanin baƙin ƙarfe da chlorophyll a cikin ganyen shuka. Rushewar samar da chlorophyll a cikin tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin ƙarfe shine, ba shakka, dalilin alamar gani na duniya, chlorosis.

Iron yana tsotse musamman ta tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa a cikin sigar ƙarfe (Fe²⁺). Koyaya, tunda yawancin ƙasan noma suna ɗauke da ƙarfe a cikin nau’in ƙarfe (Fe³⁺), shuke-shuke dole ne da farko narke Fe³⁺sannan a rage shi zuwa Fe2 + ta yadda zai iya haye membrane na tushen gashi (plasmalemma). Har yanzu ba a fahimci ainihin hanyar da ke bayyana wannan tsari ba tukuna. Da alama ya bambanta tsakanin nau’in shuka.

A mafi yawan amfanin gona, shan ƙarfe shine aiki mai aiki wanda ke buƙatar makamashi. Gashin tushen tsiron yana fitar da protons (H ions⁺) kuma yana fita zuwa ƙasan da ke kewaye. Protons suna taimakawa narkar da Fe³⁺, ragewa pH da inganta chelation na Fe ions³⁺ phenolic exudates. A kan tushen tushen, ƙarfe chelate Fe³⁺ rage zuwa ƙarfe chelate Fe²⁺wanda ke sakin Imani cikin sauki²⁺ don sha ta tushen gashi. Da zaran ya tafi tushen, Imani²⁺ oxidized zuwa Fe³⁺ sa’an nan kuma an yayyafa shi da ions citrate. Daga nan ana jigilar baƙin ƙarfe citrate chelate zuwa wuraren girma na shuka. Bayan an jujjuya shi, ƙarfe yana ƙoƙarin ɗaure kuma ba za a iya mayar da shi baya daga wannan gaɓa zuwa wata ba. Saboda wannan dalili, alamun rashin ƙarfi na baƙin ƙarfe yakan shafi sabon girma kawai.

Rashin ƙarfe

Kusan ba tare da togiya ba, ƙarancin ƙarfe yana haifar da chlorosis na matasa, ganye masu girma da sauri, yayin da tsofaffin ganye suna zama koren duhu. Jijiyoyin suna zama da koren kore sabanin wuraren rawaya masu tsaka-tsaki. A cikin tsire-tsire tare da ganye tare da layi daya (misali hatsi), ana lura da tasirin trampoline. Ana ganin kyakkyawan tsarin raga a cikin tsire-tsire masu faɗi (duba adadi). Da farko, jijiyoyin sun kasance kore, suna haifar da tsarin raga. A cikin matakai na gaba, jijiyoyin kuma suna zama chlorotic kuma suna iya tsagewa kuma gabaɗayan ganyen ya bayyana. Necrosis gabaɗaya baya faruwa har sai matakan ƙarshe na ci gaban alamar.

Bincike da kuma kawar da ƙarancin ƙarfe.

Alamun gani sun zama gama gari don tantance ƙarancin ƙarfe daidai. Lokacin da shakka, zaka iya fesa tare da mahadi na ƙarfe; Yawancin lokaci yana da sauri sosai. Babban tasirin rashin ƙarfe chlorosis shine rage ayyukan photosynthesis da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Wannan kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gona da kuma amfanin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam. Karancin Magnesium kuma yana nuna chlorosis a cikin wuraren tsaka-tsaki, amma waɗannan alamun suna farawa ne akan tsofaffin ganye kuma chlorosis ya fi launin rawaya-orange. Karancin manganese kuma yana nuna chlorosis a cikin ƙananan ganye, amma jijiyoyin sun kasance kore koda tare da rashi mai tsanani.

Babban matakan da ake samu na moly zai iya rage shayarwar Fe, yana haifar da molybdate na ƙarfe don yin hazo a saman tushen. Mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe a cikin tsire-tsire shine babban pH; kasancewar baƙin ƙarfe yana raguwa lokacin da pH ke sama da 7. Rashin ƙarancin ƙarfe na iya haifar da ƙarancin magudanar ruwa. Karancin ƙarfe kuma na iya kasancewa saboda yawan manganese.

Mafi kyawun maida hankali na ƙarfe don tsire-tsire daban-daban ya bambanta. Alal misali, don yawancin amfanin gona na inabi, maganin gina jiki ya kamata ya ƙunshi 2-3 ppm Fe (2-3 mg / L).

Excessarfin ƙarfe

Ƙarfe a cikin sel shima yana iya zama mai guba. Yana iya yin aiki mai ƙarfi don samar da radicals na hydroxyl waɗanda zasu iya lalata lipids, sunadarai, da DNA. Saboda yuwuwar gubar da ke da alaƙa da matakan ƙarfe mai girma, sel suna adana ƙarfe tare da furotin na cikin salula wanda ake kira ferritin, wanda ke sakin ƙarfe a cikin tsari mai sarrafawa. Wannan furotin kusan dukkanin halittu masu rai ne ke samar da su, gami da algae, bakteriya, shuke-shuke mafi girma, da dabbobi.

Ganewa da kuma kawar da wuce haddi baƙin ƙarfe

Rashin guba na ƙarfe yana faruwa da farko lokacin da pH ya sauke isa don ƙirƙirar ƙarfe mai yawa. Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu abubuwan gina jiki, alamun da ake iya gani na gubar ƙarfe alama ce ta wani rashi na gina jiki. Ƙarfe kuma yana iya faruwa tare da ƙarancin zinc. Yawan baƙin ƙarfe na iya sa ganyen ya canza launi zuwa koren duhu.

Iron a cikin mafita na gina jiki

Don hydroponics, ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulfate) ko ƙarfe chelates ana amfani da su azaman sinadirai. Chelates na ƙarfe gabaɗaya ba su da haɗari ga hazo ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline kuma gabaɗaya an fi son amfani da su. Kara karantawa a cikin labarin “Metal chelates”.

marmaro

1. Hydroponics da m greenhouses. Satumba . 2016