Wani mai kiwon kudan zuma mai gado ne ya haɓaka hive Varré a Faransa wanda ya sadaukar da fiye da shekaru 50 na rayuwarsa don kula da apiary. Bugu da kari, 25 daga cikinsu sun dauki ƙudan zuma na zuma daidai a cikin amyoyin da aka tsara nasu, suna la’akari da su kusa da wurin zama na waɗannan kwari.
Abun cikin labarin
- 1 A kadan tarihi
- 2 Siffofin ƙira da girma
- 3 jagororin majalisa
- 4 Halayen kiwon zuma
- 4.1 Honeycomb yana tallafawa
- 4.2 Yaƙi da zafi mai yawa
A kadan tarihi
Marubucin Emile Varre na cikin littafin nan mai ban mamaki “Kiwon zuma ga kowa”, wanda ya tsira daga sake bugawa goma sha ɗaya. An yi lambobi na ƙarshe na littafin a lokacin rayuwar Abbot, a cikin 1948 (Varre ya mutu a 1951).
Wannan bincike mai kula da kudan zuma ya gwada tsarin hive fiye da goma a aikace. A cikin apiary, akwai amya 350, wanda a cikinsa ya kula da rayuwar kudan zuma a hankali. Sakamakon shekaru masu yawa na gwaninta shine kin amincewa da tsarin kiwon zuma. Abban ya gina nasa gidan kudan zuma kuma ya fara amfani da shi ba tare da firam ɗin saƙar zuma da aka saba ba.
falsafar Varre
Emile Varré ya yi ƙoƙari don kiwon kudan zuma na halitta, wanda ya dogara da ƙaramin sa hannu a rayuwar kudan zuma. Tsarin su na hilin ya yi daidai da wannan falsafar: kwarin suna shigo da nectar su sarrafa shi zuwa zuma ba tare da buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ko kulawa daga mai kiwon zuma ba.
A cikin ƙirƙira hikicinsa, Uba Emil ya dogara da waɗannan shawarwari:
Kyakkyawan tushe na zuma shine tushen nasarar kiwon zuma. Duk mai kiwon zuma ya san shi. Duk da haka, mutane kaɗan suna la’akari da cewa ba duk abin da ke nan ya dogara ne kawai ga yankunan kudan zuma da kansu ba. A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba na noma, za a dasa tsire-tsire na zuma da yawa, wanda zai haifar da yanayi mai kyau don aiki na gargajiya na Dadan da Ruth. A cikin yanayi mai kyau ne aka samar da irin wadannan nau’ikan amya, wadanda masu kiwon zuma ke amfani da su cikin sauki a duniya. Kuma a cikin irin waɗannan ƙasashe ne duk wani apiary zai kasance mai riba, ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙudan zuma mai kyau (mai shi bai kamata ya kasance mai aiki sosai ba, tsoma baki tare da matakai na halitta).
Tushen zuma mai wadata yana ba ku damar adana amya da yawa a cikin ƙaramin yanki. Amma idan yanayin bai dace ba don samun zuma mai kasuwa fa? Mai kiwon kudan zuma ya zo da ma’ana cewa dole ne a kara girma apiary sau da yawa kuma dole ne a rarraba gidajen kudan zuma a wurare da yawa. Wannan shine inda amya ta Varre ke zuwa da amfani kuma yana buƙatar kulawa kaɗan. Bayan haka, tsarin firam ɗin yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa daga mai apiary. Tare da karuwar girman gonar kudan zuma, dole ne mutum ya nemi taimakon baƙi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba shi yiwuwa a ƙara yawan samarwa a yankuna da yawa: babu isasshen tushen zuma. Wato, dole ne a yada amya a kan wani yanki mai girma, wanda ke damun kulawar su. Ko kuma shiga cikin yawo, wanda ba shi da riba saboda farashin sufuri da kuma wasu dalilai masu yawa (rashin lokaci yana shafar, misali).
Ta hanyar canza tsarin kiwon kudan zuma, zaku iya samun riba a duk yanayin yanayi har ma da ƙaramin tushe na zuma. Kudan zuma za su iya rayuwa da kansu, suna samar da kudin shiga ga mai shi. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane! Bayan haka, waɗannan ƙwarin sun rayu cikin zaman kansu na dubban shekaru kafin ’yan adam su yi kiwonsu.
Kin amincewa da firam yana ba ku damar cimma ƙarancin farashi na samfurin ƙarshe. Tattalin arzikin kiwon zuma an tsara shi tare da madaidaicin ma’ana: yana girma, ana rarraba shi akan babban yanki kuma yana wanzuwa kusan kai tsaye.
Varre ya yi imanin cewa tsarin shine yawancin ‘yan koyo, suna da sha’awar sadarwa tare da yanayi kuma ba su da sha’awar samar da babban adadin zuma. Frame hives apiaries yana ba masu mallaka damar samun ɗan ƙarin kuɗi ta hanyar ba da lokaci sosai a waje. Kuma kiwon kudan zuma mara tsari yana kawo tattalin arziki zuwa matakin ƙwararru tare da matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Uba ya yi imanin cewa tanadin kuɗi a kan saka hannun jari ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɓaka aikin kowane hive. Kuma ribar ta fi haya muhimmanci.
Wato, ƙarancin kuɗin zuma zai kasance kawai:
- ƙananan farashin aiki;
- yayin adana lokaci;
- a farashi mai rahusa daga amya da kansu.
Siffofin ƙira da girma
An taba kiran bukin Abbot Varre La ruche populaire, hive na mutane. Zane ya ba wa mutane na jinsi da na kowane zamani damar kiwon zuma!
Karamin gawawwakin da aka cika da zuma suna kimanin kilogiram 12-15. Yana cikin ikon ba maza kawai ya ɗaga su ba, har ma da yara, mata, da tsofaffi.
Tushen hive sune sassan tsaye. Suna da sashin murabba’in 300 ta 300 millimeters da ƙaramin tsayi na 210 mm. Ana shigar da masu mulki tare da ɗigon kakin zuma manne a ciki, wanda ke nuna ƙudan zuma a cikin hanyar da za a sake gina saƙar zuma. Gine-ginen da ke cikin gidan yana gudana kamar a cikin rami na bishiya, daga sama zuwa kasa.
Gabaɗaya, dole ne a shigar da masu mulki takwas tsayin 315mm, faɗin 24mm da kauri 9mm a cikin sashin jiki. Sun dace da ramukan da ke cikin kowane akwati, kamar manyan sandunan firam ɗin saƙar zuma na gama-gari. Nisa tsakanin masu mulki shine 36 mm (daga tsakiyar ɗaya zuwa tsakiyar ɗayan).
Rage kakin zuma ko cika ba tushen gargajiya bane! Ko da yake kuma ana iya amfani da shi. An shigar da su a kasan masu mulki. Kuma suna da nisa daga 0,5 zuwa 1 cm.
Ya kamata a lura cewa ana iya rataye firam ɗin a irin waɗannan lokuta. A zahiri, farkon sigar hive an tsara shi musamman don firam ɗin tare da girman girman 300 da tsayi 180 mm.
A cikin babban harka, an shimfiɗa cinya a kan masu mulki. An shigar da rufin rufi a saman, wanda aka keɓe don hunturu tare da kayan halitta – matashin kai tare da hay, sawdust, bambaro, bushe bushe. Tsayin headliner shine 100 mm, girman ciki daidai yake da jikin.
Tsarin murfin yana da ban sha’awa. An gabled tare da ventilated soro, da raba daga babban sarari na hive da alluna, wanda ke ware shigar rodents a nan.
A matsayin bango, ana amfani da tallafi tare da famfo mai faɗin 120 mm da allo don zuwan kudan zuma.
Zane
Shirye-shiryen Hive Warre:
Duk zane-zanen da ke sama na Abbot Varre ne da kansa, wanda aka ɗauko daga littafinsa kuma an fassara shi zuwa Rashanci.
jagororin majalisa
Don hawa, ana bada shawarar yin amfani da allunan tare da kauri daga 20 zuwa 50-60 mm. A wannan yanayin, girman ciki ya kasance ba canzawa.
Lura: Varre yayi aikin hawa daga allon 20mm da 24mm. Wannan kauri ya isa ga yanayin yanayi na Faransa. A Rasha, ganuwar suna buƙatar yin kauri.
An haɗa sassan jiki ta hanyar haɗin kai tsaye, wanda ke sauƙaƙe samar da su. Don dacewa, an yi amfani da hannayen hannu daga waje na sanduna tare da sashin 20 ta 20 mm. Tsawon hannun hannu 300 mm. Za a iya danƙaɗa saman jirgin saman sanduna don ya zubar da ruwan sama. An ɗaure su da kusoshi na girman da ya dace (guda uku a bangarorin biyu na jiki).
Idan ba a shirya matashin kai da ke rufe rufin ba, ya kamata a ƙusa masana’anta mai kauri tare da kasan sa wanda zai iya ƙunsar kayan daɗaɗɗa mai yawa.
Don ƙirƙirar bene, zaku iya ɗaukar allunan tare da kauri na 20 mm ko itacen bakin ciki. Gefen murfin yana ƙarƙashin rufin rufin, yana hana danshi shiga cikin gidan.
An tattara ƙananan ɓangaren daga allunan tare da kauri na 15-20 mm. Girman sa sun fi santimita 2 ƙarami kewaye da kewaye fiye da girman akwatin. Wannan matakin kariya ne daga ɗigon ruwa daga sama.
Halayen kiwon zuma
Kudan zuma suna yin barci a cikin sassa biyu na ƙwanƙwasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da aƙalla kilo 12-13 na zuma.
Tare da farkon zafi na bazara, gidaje suna faɗaɗa, jikin ya tashi, kuma ana gabatar da ƙarin sassa ɗaya ko biyu daga ƙasa. A lokaci guda, ana shigar da masu mulki tare da raƙuman kakin zuma na jagora a cikin kowane sabbin lokuta.
A lokacin cin hanci, ana kuma maye gurbin sassan jiki daga ƙasa. A ƙarshen tarin zuma, cire sassan saman da aka cika da cikakke zuma.
Ana fitar da zumar daga cikin saƙar zuma ta hanyar centrifuge, bayan sanya ta a cikin tarun na musamman. Ko kuma su buɗe sel kuma su jira magudanar ruwa
Da fatan za a lura: Ƙungiyoyin hive ba su da monolithic: suna karye a kowane sashe na jiki kuma ba su kai saman gefen ƙananan masu mulki da kimanin 4-5mm. Wannan shi ne ɗayan manyan bambance-bambance tare da hive na Japan. Gabaɗaya, ana sake gina ɗari tara (a cikin “Jafananci” akwai bakwai).
Karanta:
Gidan kudan zuma na Japan
Honeycomb yana tallafawa
Lokacin sake gina combs, ƙudan zuma dole ne su gyara su a saman, wanda ke ba da wasu lahani ga mai kula da kudan zuma: lokacin fitar da zumar, dole ne a yanke wuraren da aka makala a bango. Saboda tsarinsa, saƙar zuma tana da rauni sosai. Suna karya cikin sauƙi a ƙarƙashin yatsunsu kuma wasu daga cikin zuma suna fitowa.
Ana iya magance wannan matsalar ta amfani da masu ɗaukar kaya ko “masu riƙon zuma (masu tallafi)”. Wani Bafaranshe Gilles Denis ne ya kafa haƙƙin ƙirƙira.
Maƙallan suna protrusions tare da gefuna biyu na kowane masu mulki, wanda tsayinsa ya kai 90mm. Kudan zuma suna sanya musu kakin zuma, suna fara gininsu daga wani yanki na kakin zuma. Faransawa suna kiran su “rabi Frames.” Ana amfani da su, a cikin wasu abubuwa, don ƙyanƙyashe sarauniya da sauran magudi tare da matasa.
Yaƙi da zafi mai yawa
Danshi a cikin gidajen ƙudan zuma na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran cututtuka. Kuma amya da aka taru bisa ga zane-zane na Varre suna da babban koma baya: mold zai iya samuwa a kansu.
Danshi a cikin gidajen kudan zuma yana tasiri sosai da yanayin yanayin sanyi na sanyi na Rasha.
Don kauce wa babban zafi ya zama dole:
- maimakon kwalta don lokacin hunturu, shigar da rufin kurma, kuma sanya haɗin gwiwa tsakaninsa da rufin rufin, don guje wa haɓaka sararin samaniya tsakanin waɗannan bayanan tsarin;
- yi dashboard na jirgin sama mai cirewa wanda za a cire don lokacin hunturu; a wannan yanayin, dusar ƙanƙara ba za ta toshe iska ba;
- a cikin yankuna da yanayi mai tsanani, yi ganuwar aƙalla 6 cm lokacin farin ciki har ma da raguwar zafin jiki;
- a kowane mataki, tona ƙananan ƙofofin shiga a duk sassan duniya tare da diamita na 15 mm kuma rufe ƙananan sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya: ƙudan zuma za su kasance masu dacewa da jagorancin iskoki masu tasowa da yanayin yanayin microclimate a cikin gidan, sannan rufe ƙarin ramuka tare da propolis;
- Idan an ƙaddamar da ƙarin inlets a cikin ƙwanƙwasa, cire ƙasa kuma a maimakon haka shigar da akwati mai kama da ƙananan rufi, amma tare da makafi kasa kuma ba tare da rami don famfo ba; ya kamata a sami taga mai ƙofa a bayanta don fitar da matattun ruwa da tarkace a cikin bazara;
- a yi amfani da katako mai ɗumi da bushewa da sauri fiye da fir ko fir.
Hive na Warre wani zane ne da aka ƙera don biyan buƙatun kudan zuma na halitta. Yana da kyau ga masu kiwon zuma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan samar da zuma mai dorewa. Masu kiwon kudan zuma da ke amfani da tsarin firam za su sami wahalar gwaji yayin da ake amfani da su ga ƙungiyar aiki ta daban. Gaskiya ne cewa yana yiwuwa a kimanta ginin Abbot Warré ko da daga hive da aka shigar a wani lokaci.
