Dasa tumatir ta hanyoyi da yawa yana shafar amfanin da suke samu a nan gaba. Yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar wuri mai kyau a kan shafin, don shirya ƙasa. Wani yanayi shine kiyaye mafi kyawun nisa yayin saukarwa. Tumatir za a iya saya ko girma da kansa.
Dasa tumatir daidai
Zaɓin lambun da shirye-shiryen
Tumatir an fi shuka su bayan kabeji, albasa, karas, squash, squash. Ba a ba da shawarar dasa tumatir bayan sauran amfanin gona a cikin dangin dare ba, Tumatir na iya kamuwa da cutar latti da sauran cututtuka. Dole ne ƙasa ta zama tsaka tsaki ko ɗan acidic, zai fi dacewa loam mai yashi, don wuce iska da kyau. Ba za a iya girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi da inuwa ba: ‘ya’yan itatuwa za su zama ƙananan, ba mai dadi ba, bushes na iya kamuwa da cututtuka.
Ya kamata a shirya gadaje don dasa shuki a cikin fall. Ana tono wurin da kyau, a cire ciyawa, sannan a shafa taki. Don haɓakar tumatir mai kyau za ku buƙaci:
- humus, humus ko taki diluted da ruwa 4-7 kg a kowace 1 m²,
- superphosphate – 40 g da 1 m²;
- lemun tsami ko itace ash – 700 g da 1 m².
Ana amfani da lemun tsami akan ƙasa acid kawai! A cikin tsaka tsaki da dan kadan alkaline, aikace-aikacen lemun tsami yana haifar da bayyanar chlorosis maras kamuwa da cuta a cikin dukkanin tsire-tsire, ciki har da tumatir, wanda ke nuna kansa a cikin nau’i na yellowing (ko ma fari) na manyan ganye. Jijiyoyin ganye suna zama kore.
Bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke, kuna buƙatar sake haƙa ƙasa, cire sauran ciyawa. Kimanin kwanaki 10 kafin dasa shuki, wajibi ne a sassauta ƙasa kuma a sake yin takin. A wannan lokacin, kuna buƙatar 20 g a kowace 1 m² na superphosphate potassium taki. Nan da nan kafin dasa shuki, ana iya amfani da 20-30 g a kowace 1 m² na takin nitrogen.
Zaɓin iri-iri
Hanyoyin dasa shuki tumatir sun fi dogara da iri-iri. Yana da al’ada don bambanta nau’in tumatir da yawa:
- greenhouse,
- iri don buɗe ƙasa,
- na kowa,
- marasa girma,
- babba
- misali,
- farkon,
- tsakar dare,
- latti
Ana iya shuka nau’ikan greenhouse ga seedlings a baya, saboda sanyi ya fi shafar su. Nisa lokacin dasa shuki iri-iri masu ƙarancin girma na iya zama ƙasa da na tsayi. Lokacin zabar nau’in iri-iri, yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi la’akari da yankin yanayin yanayi, lokacin ripening. Mafi kyawun lokacin girma don tsakiyar Rasha shine kwanaki 100-105. Domin arewacin latitudes, yana da kyau a zabi farkon iri. A kudu, za ku iya dasa kowane tumatir, ciki har da na baya.
Seedling shiri
Kafin yin magana game da yadda za a dasa tumatir daidai, kana buƙatar magana game da yadda za a shirya tsire-tsire da kansu. Kuna iya siyan tsire-tsire da aka shirya a kasuwa ko a cikin shago. Ana yin wannan zaɓi ta waɗanda ba su da inda za su shuka bushes daga tsaba. A wannan yanayin, kana buƙatar bincika tsire-tsire don cututtuka da kwari. Yana da kyau a yi nazarin halayen nau’ikan da kuke son saya.
Shirye-shiryen ƙasa
Idan akwai wuri a cikin gidan, zaka iya shuka tumatir don dasa shuki ba tare da matsala ba. Ana yin shuka tumatir a cikin kofuna na kwali, kwalabe na filastik ko kwantena. Ana iya ɗaukar ƙasa kai tsaye daga wurin da aka shirya shuka shrubs a cikin bazara, ko siya, zaɓi na biyu ya fi karɓuwa, tunda ƙasan lambuna na yau da kullun na iya kamuwa da fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Dole ne a shirya ƙasa don dasa shuki
Ana bada shawara don haɗa ƙasa turf, peat da humus don seedlings a cikin rabo na 1: 1: 1. Zuwa wannan ƙasa, wani lokacin ana ƙara sassan 0.5 na yashi. Abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kyau: kwakwa, allunan peat. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, bushes sun fi sauƙi don canja wurin zuwa gado, ba lallai ba ne a cire su daga kwamfutar hannu, kawai sanya su a cikin ƙasa a kan shafin. Kafin shuka tsaba, ƙasa da ƙasa dole ne a gasa su a cikin tanda ko kuma a shafe su da ruwan zãfi don lalata fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Zai fi kyau a shuka a cikin sabbin kwantena ko kashe tsofaffi da kyau.
Ƙasa don girma seedlings ya zama haske, porous, amma gina jiki. Ƙasar lambu ta al’ada da aka ɗauka daga lambun da tsire-tsire masu girma suka girma da kyau ba su dace da ƙananan tsire-tsire ba. A cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙarar ƙoƙon, yana zafi sama ko takura da sauri.
Yanayin girma
Lokacin shuka tumatir don seedlings akan windowsill, kuna buƙatar kula da mafi kyawun zafin jiki da zafi. Seedlings sprout mafi kyau a 25 ° C. Da zafi ga seedlings ya kamata da farko ya kasance game da 90% (kwantena domin wannan an rufe da wani fim), sa’an nan ya kamata a saukar da zuwa 60-70% . Ana shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa mai laushi kuma ba su kasance ba. shayar har sai farkon harbe ya bayyana. Suna bayyana kwanaki 5-10 bayan shuka.
Kuna iya shuka tsiron tumatir a gida tare da ko ba tare da dashi ba, babu wata doka ɗaya.
Tushen yana jure girbi, amma yana buƙatar lokaci da ƙoƙari. Wasu lambu suna da’awar cewa dasawa baya shafar amfanin gona musamman. Idan kun ci gaba da tsire-tsire a kan windowsill, bayan 3-4 ganye na gaskiya sun bayyana, ya kamata a yi fushi ta hanyar kai su zuwa titi.
Ana dasa tumatir a cikin ƙasa mai buɗe ko a cikin greenhouse kwanaki 55-65 bayan shuka. Don wannan, kawai an zaɓi mafi kyawun seedlings.
Lokacin shuka
Yaushe kuke buƙatar shuka tumatir a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa? A lokacin nutsewa, seedlings ya kamata su kai shekaru 60-70, su kasance masu ƙarfi da lafiya. Kwanan wata da lokacin sun dogara sosai akan yanayi da yanayin yanayi a cikin shekara ta musamman. Yana da mahimmanci cewa zafin jiki na ƙasa bai ƙasa da 15 ° C ba, mafi kyawun nuni shine 20 ° C. Kuna iya auna zafin jiki tare da ma’aunin zafi da sanyio na gida, rage shi zuwa ƙasa ta 8-10 cm.
Yanayin iska ba shi da mahimmanci ga tsire-tsire tumatir. A lokacin rana ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 20-22 ° C, kuma da dare kada ya fada kasa 15 ° C. A alamomi na 12 ° C, noman tumatir ya daina. Noman yana da thermophilic – idan akwai barazanar sanyi, yana da kyau a yi amfani da hanyar haɓakar murfin.
Lokacin dasa shuki a yankuna daban-daban
Shuka kwanakin tumatir a cikin gadaje, dangane da yankin yanayin yanayi:
- Yankunan Kudancin – shekaru goma na uku na Afrilu (farkon iri), shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu (tsakiyar iri).
- Tsakiyar tsiri na Rasha (yankin Moscow, yankin Leningrad) – daga tsakiyar Mayu zuwa farkon Yuni.
- Yankunan arewa (Ural, Siberiya)) – daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni.
Idan duk kwanakin shuka sun cika, kuna iya tsammanin girbi mai kyau. Ya yi latti don dasa kayan dasa shuki a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa kuma ba zai yiwu ba: ‘ya’yan itatuwa ba za su yi girma ba, musamman a lokacin sanyi. Yana da mahimmanci don saka idanu da zafin jiki bayan saukowa. Idan hasashen yana nuna sanyi, ana bada shawarar cewa tsire-tsire su rufe da fim.
Tsarin dasa shuki don tumatir
Tsarin dasa shuki ya dogara da nau’in tumatir
Yadda ake shuka tumatir a lambun? Wannan tambayar sau da yawa tana tasowa a tsakanin mazauna lokacin bazara. Akwai tsare-tsare da yawa, lokacin zabar su, halayen iri-iri, girman bushes da kuma shafin da kansa ya kamata a la’akari. Fasahar dasa na iya bambanta da greenhouse da hanyar girma ta buɗe.
Saukowa a cikin layuka
a jere
Mafi mashahuri zaɓi shine dasa tumatir a jere. Tare da wannan hanyar dasa tumatir, suna yin ramuka a cikin layuka da yawa, kowannensu yana dasa daji. Nisa ya dogara da girman bushes.
Don nau’ikan shrubs na rage girman girman:
- nisa tsakanin bushes shine 30-35 cm;
- nisa tsakanin layuka shine 40-50 cm.
Don dogayen iri:
- nisa tsakanin bushes shine 40-45 cm;
- nisa tsakanin layuka shine 50-60 cm.
A cikin layuka biyu
Bambancin saukowa na yau da kullun shine layi biyu. An shirya bushes a cikin nau’i-nau’i ( layuka), an yi manyan wurare tsakanin waɗannan nau’i-nau’i.
Nisa na ƙananan iri:
- tsakanin bushes – 20-25 cm;
- tsakanin filas – 40 cm,
- tsakanin nau’i-nau’i na layuka – 50 cm.
Nisa don dogayen iri:
- tsakanin bushes – 30 cm,
- tsakanin layuka – 60 cm,
- tsakanin nau’i-nau’i na layi – 80 cm.
Saukar da gida
Wata hanyar dasa tumatir ita ce yin amfani da gida. An raba shafin zuwa murabba’ai, 80 × 80 cm. Ana haƙa rami a tsakiyar kowane murabba’i. Siffar wannan fasaha ita ce, ana shuka tumatur akan ciyayi da yawa a cikin rami ɗaya. Keɓance kawai wasu iri ne:
- ƙananan girma da tsayi iri – 2-3 bushes da rami;
- nau’ikan daji tare da kambi mai faɗi – 2 bushes a kowane rami,
- matsakaici-marigayi iri-iri: 1 daji da rami.
Nesting ya fi kyau ga yankuna da bushewar yanayi. Tsire-tsire suna girma da cunkoso, ƙasa ba ta bushewa da sauri, wanda ke rage shayarwa, bushes suna haɗuwa da tushen, bayan haka shuka ya zama kamar dai. Wannan yana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu girma da dadi.
Lokacin da ake girma seedlings a cikin kaset, ana samun sauƙin cire tsirran daga cikin sel tare da ƙasa, saboda tushen yana da ƙarfi ya ɗaure ɗigon ƙasa, yana hana shi faɗuwa. Tsire-tsire na kaset suna samun sauƙin kafe a wuri, ba tare da damuwa ba yayin dasawa.
Shuka a cikin yaduwa
Dabarar ta dace sosai ga manyan wurare da greenhouses. Da farko, rami yana tono kusan 10 cm zurfi, sannan an shimfiɗa seedlings a kwance kuma a haƙa da ƙasa. Ya kamata a ƙididdige nisa tsakanin layuka da tsire-tsire kamar yadda ake dasa shuki na yau da kullun a cikin rijiyoyi.
Shuka a cikin bude ƙasa
Yanzu bari mu dubi yadda ake shuka tumatir a cikin ƙasa. Da farko kuna buƙatar tono ramuka ko rami tare da zurfin 10-15 cm. Wasu lambu suna ba da shawarar yin wannan kwanaki 2-3 kafin dasa shuki. A kasa, ana iya sanya taki (superphosphate, ash itace, humus, humus), sannan a zuba ruwa mai yawa a cikin rijiyar. Yana da mahimmanci kada a yi amfani da shi tare da sutura: tumatir ba sa son wuce haddi. Idan gadon ya kasance a cikin kaka da kuma kwanaki 10 kafin shuka, ba zai iya ba da gudummawar komai ba.
An fi yin shuka ne a ranar gajimare
Don dasa shuki, yana da kyau a zaɓi ɗan ƙaramin rana, yana iya yin ruwan sama kaɗan, yana da mahimmanci cewa kafin wannan tsiron ya taurare sosai, an zaɓi shi a hankali. Duk tsire-tsire masu rauni da marasa lafiya dole ne a jefar dasu. Don hardening, tukwane tare da tumatir makonni 2-3 kafin a tsoma cikin ƙasa, fara fara ɗaukar iska na minti 10-15, sannan na sa’o’i biyu, duk rana. A ranar da za a dasa, ana barin su a wurin har tsawon kwana guda.
Ana cire tsire-tsire a hankali daga kwantena inda suka girma, don kada su lalata tushen. Idan an yi amfani da allunan peat don noman gida, ba lallai ba ne a saki tushen daga ƙasa. Dasa irin wannan tumatir da kyau kai tsaye a cikin substrate. A kan tushen tumatir ya kamata kawai ganye 4-5 kawai, ba tare da ƙarin ƙasa ba. Yana da kyau a shuka kayan shuka da aka saya a ranar da aka saya. Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, an nannade tushen tsire-tsire tare da zane mai laushi. Ya kamata a dasa su ba a baya ba bayan kwanaki 2-3.
Ana shayar da rami nan da nan kafin dasa shuki tare da ƙaramin adadin ruwa, sannan ana sanya bushes a kusurwar 45 ° ko a kwance. Daga sama, ana zubar da ƙasa a kan tsire-tsire kuma a yi tamped da sauƙi. Idan ƙasa ta bushe, za ku iya shayar da tumatir da ruwa kaɗan. Hakanan zaka iya tsara ban ruwa na drip na dukan lambun tare da tiyo.
Shuka a cikin wani greenhouse
Yadda za a dasa tumatir a cikin wani greenhouse? Fasahar kusan iri daya ce da a cikin fili. Yana da mahimmanci don shirya ƙasa da kyau don tumatir, shirya watering. Hanyar tana da nata sirrin.
Shirye-shiryen ƙasa
Sun fara shirya ƙasar a cikin fall. Ana shigar da humus ko humus a ciki. Hanyar ciyar da humus, wanda ya dace da amfanin cikin gida:
- cire saman Layer na ƙasa mai kauri kusan 20 cm,
- tono rami,
- dauki humus na shekaru uku (ana iya shirya shi a cikin ganga ko ramin takin),
- cika ramin da rabi tare da humus kuma a rufe gadon tare da Layer na ƙasa da aka cire.
A cikin bazara, ana haƙa irin wannan gado kuma an kwance shi.
A farkon bazara, yana taimakawa wajen zama a cikin greenhouse worm. Suna samar da abu mai amfani sosai ga tsire-tsire: humus. Tsutsa ta ratsa cikin ƙasa, ragowar tsire-tsire, kwari. Fitowar taki ce ta halitta. Bugu da kari, tsutsotsin sun tono ramuka a cikin kasa, su sassauta kasar kuma su wadata ta da iskar oxygen.
Dokokin magance tsutsotsin duniya:
- tara tsutsotsi a cikin adadin mutane 5-10 a cikin 1 m²,
- a tono ramuka a cikin ƙasa kuma a sanya tsutsotsi 2-3 a kowace.
- a rufe ramin da datti.
- shayar da yankin da bututu.
Yana da mahimmanci a rufe greenhouse tare da foil aluminum. Idan tsutsotsi ba su da lokacin yin zurfafa a cikin ƙasa, za su mutu a lokacin daskarewa.
Ciyawar tumatir
Dasa tumatir a cikin greenhouse yana da makonni 1-2 kafin a cikin lambun da aka bude. Dabarar kusan iri ɗaya ce da ke cikin gadon lambu na yau da kullun. Mafi sau da yawa ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyar mahara a cikin greenhouses.Idan iri-iri yana da tsayi ko tsire-tsire masu girma, zaka iya amfani da hanyar maciji:
- tono rami mai zurfin kusan 25 cm.
- ƙara dintsi na ash na itace, 2-3 kilogiram na humus zuwa ƙasa sakamakon, 1 tbsp. l phosphate-potassium takin mai magani,
- Mix ƙasa,
- kwasfa kasan tushen seedling don barin ganye 4-5,
- sanya kara a cikin rami don ya jujjuya kamar maciji (don haka sunan hanyar),
- a hankali yayyafa kayan shuka tare da cakuda ƙasa da taki, rago,
- shayar da yankin gaba ɗaya tare da tiyo.
Yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da kyakkyawan shayar da tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouse, saboda danshi na halitta ba ya shiga can. Zai fi kyau a ba da tsarin magudanar ruwa na musamman. Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, ya kamata a kawo tiyo a cikin greenhouse. Yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa zafi: cikawa yana lalata tumatir. A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, ana iya ajiye kwari cikin sauƙi a cikin greenhouse. Kafin dasa tumatir, tabbatar da kawar da duk wani tsari da ƙasa.
Kula bayan dasa shuki
Dasa mai kyau na kowane tumatir shine kawai mataki na farko zuwa girbi mai kyau. Don tsire-tsire su haɓaka, dole ne a kula da su. Lokacin da tsire-tsire suka yi tushe kuma suka fara shimfiɗawa, wajibi ne a ɗaure su zuwa tallafi. Wani lokaci sukan yi amfani da haɗe-haɗe na amfanin gona guda biyu, tsakanin layuka na tumatir, ana shuka masara, sa’an nan kuma ana ɗaure bushes da ciyawar hatsi mai ƙarfi. Wannan hanya ta dace da yankunan kudancin. A arewa, masara zai yi duhu tumatur.
Bayan makonni 2-3, ana ciyar da tumatir. Don yin wannan, 25 g na nitrogen, 40 g na phosphate da 15 g na potassium taki suna diluted a cikin guga na ruwa. Ana zuba 600-700 ml na bayani a ƙarƙashin kowace shuka. Shayar da bushes kamar yadda ake bukata. Mafi sau da yawa ana yin haka sau 3-4 a mako. Idan an yi ruwan sama, ana rage shayarwa zuwa sau ɗaya a mako.
Don girma tumatir da kyau, an cire wani ɓangare na ganye daga cikin daji a yankunan arewa. A kudu, ba a aiwatar da wannan hanya ba, tun da foliage yana kare ‘ya’yan itatuwa daga rana mai haske. Yana da mahimmanci a bincika ko kwari da fungi sun ƙare akan bushes. Don rigakafin, ana aiwatar da rigakafin rigakafin tumatir tare da jiko na tafarnuwa, taba ko fungicides. Bayan girbi, ana cire duk sassan saman gadaje don kada su cutar da ƙasa. Kafin dasa tumatir a wuri guda a wani lokaci, kuna buƙatar jure wa tazara na shekaru uku.
