Sanya wani apiary a cikin yankin daji. –

Kiwon kudan zuma yana ba da damar samun zuma na musamman mai kamshi, wanda ake yabawa a kasuwa ba don dandanon sa kawai ba, har ma da kayan magani.

Apiary a cikin gandun daji aiki ne na tattalin arziki, muddin an kula da kudan zuma yadda ya kamata.

Abun cikin labarin

• 1 Borting: asalin ciniki
• 2 Yadda za a zabi wuri mai dacewa
• 3 Tsire-tsire na zuma na yankin gandun daji da gandun daji steppe.
• 4 Yadda za a inganta inganci

Borting: asalin ciniki

A tarihi ya faru cewa kiwon zuma yana ci gaba sosai a cikin gandun daji. Mutanen da ke wannan sana’a ana kiransu masu kiwon zuma daga kalmar boron ko dajin Pine.

Kudan zuma a lokacin ana ajiye su ne a cikin ramin bishiya, sannan a kan gungumen da aka shirya na musamman. Ga Rasha, wannan ita ce hanyar gargajiya ta samun zuma.

Bidiyo mai nishadantarwa game da kiwon zuma:

Samfurin gandun daji na kiwon zuma ya taimaka sosai tare da mura da cututtuka na tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Irin wannan zuma wani nau’i ne na ma’auni, alamar inganci. Apiaries na gandun daji sun shahara sosai. Amma a cikin shekaru aru-aru, an maye gurbin kiwon zuma na gargajiya a hankali da kiwo da kiwo, wanda ya fi sanin masu zamani.

Za mu iya cewa a amince cewa batu tare da kudan zuma a cikin gandun daji a yau shine komawa ga asali, zuwa al’adun gargajiya na Rasha.

Yadda za a zabi wuri mai dacewa

Ko da kafin shigar da gidajen kudan zuma, ya zama dole a gano yadda abubuwa suke a wani yanki na musamman tare da tushen zuma. Wadanne irin tsire-tsire ne suke girma a nan, tsawon lokacin da suke girma? Idan ana iya bincika yankin steppe da kansa, to, a cikin gandun daji ba koyaushe ba zai yiwu a gudanar da irin wannan binciken ta sojojin mai mallakar apiary.

Zai dace don tuntuɓar sashen gandun daji na gida, inda za su tuntuɓar wani batu mai ban sha’awa ba tare da wata matsala ba. Masu gandun daji sun san sosai abin da shrubs da bishiyoyi suke girma a cikin dazuzzuka, menene ciyawa ke tsiro a cikin ciyayi da ke kusa da makiyaya ko filayen.

Nectar yana ɓoye ne ta tsire-tsire da ganyaye, dangane da yankin. Don haka, a yankin tsakiyar Rasha, ƙudan zuma suna tattara har zuwa kilogiram 100 na nectar daga kadada ɗaya na shuke-shuken filin. A cikin ciyayi don dabbobi, matsakaita shine kawai 10-11 kg, kuma a cikin swamps da swampy ciyayi, kwari suna karɓar har zuwa kilogiram 20 na wannan abincin.

Don lissafta daidaitaccen ajiyar abinci, ya zama dole a ninka yankin ta hanyar yawan amfanin gonar zuma na musamman, wanda galibi ana samun shi a yankin. Ya kamata a fahimci yankin aikin a matsayin nisa na kilomita 1,5 zuwa 2 a kusa da kewayen batu.

Sirrin sanyawa

Lokacin kwanciya, ya kamata ku yi la’akari da waɗannan abubuwan:

1. A gefen gandun daji, yawan amfanin gonar apiary zai kasance mafi girma, tun da yake a nan kwari suna samun damar kai tsaye zuwa makiyaya da filayen da ke kusa, inda tsire-tsire ke fure kusan har zuwa ƙarshen kaka.
2. Lokacin sanyawa a cikin sharewa, ana la’akari da fasalulluka na taimako. Batun (dandamali) yakamata ya zama lebur gwargwadon yiwuwa. Wannan yana ba da sauƙin shirya amya a cikin layuka. Yana da kyau a kare kwari daga iska mai yawa tare da bushes mai yawa ko tudu.
3. Hanya mai kyau dole ne ta kai ga ma’ana. Tabbas, wannan yana da wuya a cikin daji. Amma hanyar sufuri kyauta ce za ta biya. Don sauƙaƙe aikin, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da SUV ko babbar mota, tunda ƙudan zuma za su buƙaci a bincika su duka a farkon bazara da kuma lokacin damina.
4. Kada gidajen kudan zuma su kasance cikin inuwa mai yawa. Ana yin jagorar ramukan ta yadda hasken fitowar rana ya faɗo a kansu. Sa’an nan kudan zuma za su fara aiki minti 30-40 a baya.
5. Kuna iya kare spots daga dabbobi tare da shinge mai dogara. Hakanan zai hana masu tara naman kaza da mafarauta shiga cikin bazata. Ya kamata a tuna cewa kawai wurin zama na masu mallakar apiary zai kare kariya daga sata. Ana gina gidan zama a nan don bazara. Ko kuma wuraren da aka yi hayar mutane ke kiyaye su don wannan dalili, a matsayin zaɓi, masu gandun daji na iya kula da shi.
6. Amya a cikin gandun daji na iya zama duk tsawon shekara (a cikin yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano) kuma ana kawo shi cikin gandun daji kawai a lokacin bazara. Idan an shirya wurin zama a tsaye, to, za ku kuma buƙaci ɗakin amfani don adana kaya, firam, famfo zuma, da gidan sanyi mai dumi (omshanik).
7. Ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga kusanci ga manyan tafki; yana da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da wurin da babban nau’in tsire-tsire na zuma ke da shi. Kada kwari su ketare ruwa a lokacin cin hanci: sun rasa alkiblar su kuma idan sun gaji kuma an ɗora su da ruwan zuma, sai su nutse. Kuma babban zafi na iska adversely rinjayar da ci gaban da kiwon lafiya na matasa ƙudan zuma.
8. Apiary a cikin taiga yana buƙatar kariya ta musamman daga manyan dabbobi kamar bears. Katanga bai isa ba a nan. Wajibi ne a yi amfani da na’urorin aminci daban-daban da makiyayin lantarki na gida, suna fitar da gourmets masu ban haushi.
9. Dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau ba sa samar da isasshen ruwan zuma! Da yawan rana, da ƙasa da yawa shuka itatuwa, da wadata da ciyawa da shrubs.

Kuma mafi mahimmanci shine nau’in bishiyar. Babban tushen nectar a cikin bel na gandun daji shine linden, elm da maple. Idan babu irin waɗannan tsire-tsire, za a sami ƙarancin cin hanci. Mafi muni, idan akwai kawai shuka mai yawa na poplars ko birch.

Tsire-tsire na zuma na yankin gandun daji da gandun daji steppe.

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, lokacin da ake sanya apiary, ya kamata a yi la’akari da nau’in ciyayi na gida, wanda zai iya zama tushen zuma mai wadata ga kwari.

A cikin dajin steppe, akwai ganye da tsire-tsire na zuma da shrubs, dangane da nau’in babban gandun daji:

• Sea buckthorn da hazel bushes girma a kan alders;
• blueberries da heather ana samun su a cikin gandun daji na Birch;
• hazel da buckthorn na teku suna girma a cikin gandun daji na poplar;
• A cikin gandun daji na Pine, haske da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan rana, zaku iya samun kauri na thyme, bilberry, heather, lingonberry.

Babban melliferous tushe a cikin gandun daji steppe yana wakiltar caustic sedum, bilberry, gaggautsa teku buckthorn, daji rasberi, goldenrod, filin haushi, heather, da loosestrife.

A cikin dazuzzuka, dusar ƙanƙara, blackthorn, ceri plum, Linden, nau’ikan willows da maples, ceri tsuntsaye, willow, honeysuckle, buckthorn teku, ash dutse, huhu, Angelica suna ba da girbi mai kyau na zuma.

Bayanin gandun daji

Dajin Pine da aka lulluɓe da thyme da shrubs shine mafi yawan amfani ta fuskar samar da nectar.… Busasshen daji ne mai cike da ciyayi mai kyau. Yana da wadata a cikin shrubs kamar dutse ash, viburnum, hawthorn, barberry, pear gandun daji, buckthorn. Yawan aiki a farkon bazara da bazara yana kusan kilogiram 40 zuwa 50 a kowace kadada.

Ana samun dajin pine da aka lulluɓe da blueberries a cikin ƙananan wurare… Itatuwan itacen oak da Birch suna girma a nan lokaci zuwa lokaci. Akwai willows, honeysuckle, viburnum, ash dutse, da kuma kauri na raspberries da blueberries, waɗanda ke ba da cin hancin babban rani. Yawan aiki yayi kama: har zuwa kilogiram 40-50.

Heather Pine shine nau’in daji da aka fi sani… Ana iya samuwa a kusan kowane yanki na gandun daji steppe. Ciyawa da shrubs sun mamaye kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi a nan. Mafi na kowa shine lingonberry, bilberry, elderberry, viburnum, ceri tsuntsaye, hawthorn. Kurancin Heather na iya samar da zuma har kilogiram 100 a kowace kadada.

Lambun poplar da aka lulluɓe da Hazel yana taimaka wa yankunan kudan zuma a farkon haɓakar bazara… Waɗannan ƙananan tsare-tsare ne masu zaman kansu.

Buckthorn undergrowth dajin poplar ya yadu ko’ina cikin tsakiyar layi… Rufin ciyawa a nan ba shi da mahimmanci: an tattara shi a cikin yankunan rana a tsakanin bushes na buckthorn na teku, hazelnut, viburnum, ceri tsuntsaye, blackthorn, furen daji, hawthorn. Yawan amfanin gona ya kai kilogiram 30-40.

Haɗuwa da gandun daji na Birch da kurmin blueberry a cikin cakuda tare da toka dutse, hazelnut da buckthorn na teku kuma yana ba da yawan aiki har zuwa kilo 30-40.

Dajin birch da aka rufe da zafi ya yadu a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi… Yana da arziƙin ƙasa mai arziƙi tare da murfi mai yawa. Ana samunsa galibi a wuraren da ake saran dajin Pine. Irin wannan daji yana samar da zuma mai nauyin kilogiram 100 a kowace hekta a karshen bazara.

Alder gandun daji tare da teku buckthorn undergrowth – tushen ba kawai na zuma, amma kuma na pollen.… Suna girma a cikin ƙananan wurare da kuma a cikin wuraren fadama kusa da jikin ruwa. Babban tushen shuka pollen (pollen) shine black alder. Daga cikin bushes buckthorn na teku zaka iya samun raspberries, valerian da raguna. Daga irin wannan daji, kwari suna samun abinci mai yawa daga farkon bazara zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani.

Olshanik gauraye da hazelnut yana taimaka wa yankunan kudan zuma su bunkasa a farkon bazara Yana da kyakkyawan tushen pollen. Rufin ciyawa a nan ba shi da kyau, amma baƙar fata currants, elderberries, da cherries tsuntsaye suna da yawa.

Alders tare da ash, Elm da itacen oak suna girma a cikin kwarin kogin… A cikin irin waɗannan dazuzzuka, akwai ƙarancin girma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da murfin ciyawa mara kyau. Daga cikin bushes za ku iya samun elderberries, buckthorn, hawthorn da ceri tsuntsaye. Ganyayyaki na yau da kullun sune meadowsweet da meadowsweet.

Tun da furen tsire-tsire na yanayi ne, yana da ma’ana don tsara motsi na makiyaya a cikin dazuzzukan da ke kusa don haɓaka amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na ƙudan zuma:

1. Cin hanci na farko ya fito ne daga gandun daji na hazelnut, alder, hawthorn, willow, pine da birch tare da kauri na thyme da blueberries.
2. Kuma babban girbin zuma ana yin shi ne ta hanyar kashe gandun daji na Birch da Heather Pine, inda ake samun goldenrod, loosestrife da motherwort a cikin ganye.

Yadda za a inganta inganci

Ana iya samun ingantaccen aikin apiaries na gandun daji ta hanyoyi biyu:

1. Yi amfani da duk yuwuwar zuma na kasuwa da pollen, kuma ba kawai babban tarin zuma ba. Wato yawo cikin daji tare da kudan zuma.
2. Taimakawa ƙudan zuma ma’aikata suyi tafiya mai nisa mai nisa har zuwa kilomita 2 zuwa 4 ta hanyar samar musu da kyakkyawan yanayi.

Idan an haɓaka kewayon kwari da mita 500-800 kawai, yankin tarin zuma zai ninka.

Sirrin haɓaka inganci hanya ta biyu ita ce mai sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu:

• yankunan kudan zuma dole ne su kasance cikin aiki akai-akai; sa’an nan kuma kwari suna motsawa daga amya tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 km;
• a lokaci guda, mahaifa yakan canza kowace shekara don rage girman ilhami;
• Duk gidaje dole ne su kasance masu ƙarfi da lafiya.

Ƙarƙarar gida tana nufin iyali da suka yi sanyi sosai. Kwarin da ke cikinsa yana da lafiya kuma suna fara tattara nectar daga amfanin gonakin willow a ƙarshen Afrilu. A cikin irin wannan hive, da kaka, za a sami tanadin abinci mai kyau, ƙudan zuma da yawa, sarauniya matashi, isasshen adadin sel; “Sarauniya” kada kawai deworm.

Siffofin abun ciki

Mafi kyau duka, da kwari hunturu a cikin abin da ake kira tsayi kunkuntar Frames tare da girma na 300 da 435 millimeters (inverted Dadanov frame). Sakamakon shine hive mai tsaye tare da gida mai firam 12 da hannun jari a cikin manyan shagunan (an shigar da firam 300 x 175mm anan).

Wannan shi ne aikin masu kiwon zuma a cikin dajin:

Jerin ayyuka, la’akari da jirgin ƙudan zuma a kan dogon nisa:

1. Ana tayar da kudan zuma da karfi a farkon bazara, ana ba su wani nau’i mai nau’in kullu da aka yi daga cakuda dakakken pollen, burodin kudan zuma, foda, da zuma mai gudu. Kilo guda na abinci ana ba da kowace gida.
2. A lokaci guda kuma, ana yin rigakafin nosematosis. Ana fitar da “Nozemat” a cikin adadin 2,5 g kowace yanki na kudan zuma goma.
3. Wuraren an rufe su a hankali (a cikin hunturu ana iya kiyaye su ba tare da rufi ba idan yanayi ya ba da izini).
4. A tsakiyar Maris, ana share duk amya daga podmor don sauƙaƙe tsabtace bazara don kwari. Ana kai matattun kudan zuma zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don bincike, ana shigar da sakamakon a cikin fasfo na dabbobi da na lafiya.
5. A farkon Afrilu, nan da nan bayan jirgin, ana gudanar da bincike: za ka iya hada rajistan farko da rajistar tushen bazara. Idan ya cancanta, ana sanya firam ɗin ƙaya a cikin gida don tabbatar da kasancewar sarauniya.
6. Sannan ana duba hannun jarin zuma duk mako. Kowane akwati yakamata ya sami zuma kilo daya. Misali, a cikin hita mai firam goma, yakamata a sami akalla kilogiram 10 na abinci. Don hanzarta aiwatar da fermentation, ana buga firam ɗin zuma akai-akai daidai a bayan brood. A lokaci guda kuma, kowane akwati ya kamata ya sami ɗan ƙaramin abinci a saman.
7. Ana gudanar da tarawa kamar haka. Da zaran ’ya’yan itacen ya rufe firam ɗin na waje, sai a saka ƙwan zuman da aka saki a ƙarƙashin zumar nan da nan a bayansa (mahaicin zai shuka a nan), kusa da shi kuma an sake buga farantin zumar da cokali mai yatsa. Ba a sanya bushewa a tsakiyar gidajen!
8. A cikin kwanon sha, ana gudanar da jiko na conifers ko decoction na pine buds. Rarraba cobalt tare da 50% syrup (kwal ɗin lita 2) yana ƙara yawan zuriyar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku. A tsakiyar Afrilu, don rigakafin cututtuka, ana ba da 200 ml na syrup sau biyu a kowace iyali tare da ƙari na jiko na coniferous ko magani.
9. Canjin sarauniya yana faruwa a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu. Tun da farko, a farkon watan, an kafa yadudduka daga iyalan tsofaffin sarauniya. A cikin iyalai masu ba da gudummawa, bayan kwanaki 9, an kawar da duk ƙwayoyin sarauniya masu ƙumburi kuma an shigar da ƙwayoyin haifuwa. A cikin kwanaki 12 bayan fitowar, matasa “sarauniya” sun fara, a matsayin mai mulkin, deworming mai aiki.
10. Ana amfani da lokacin gano yankuna ba tare da brood ba don magance Varroa: an shigar da tube tare da acaricide a tsakiyar nests. Bayan wannan taron, adadin gida yana raguwa sau huɗu zuwa sau biyar, kuma a nan gaba ƙwayoyin cuta ba su shafar yawan kwari ta kowace hanya.
11. Don fadada wurin tattara zuma, ana kama sarauniya a cikin yadudduka a tsakiyar watan Yuni, an kulle su a cikin sel, kuma a sanya su a kan tituna har tsawon mako guda. Yankin gandun daji yana dacewa da jiragen sama mai nisa: iska ba ta kashe ƙudan zuma matasa. Za su yi aiki bisa ga halin da ake ciki: idan babu tsire-tsire masu fure a kusa, za su neme su a nesa mai nisa daga gida.
12. A ƙarshen watan, horar da jiragen sama na dogon lokaci, ana shigar da yadudduka a cikin babban iyali ta hanyar rarraba grid: an samo hive-riser da aka ambata. A wannan yanayin, ana cire sel daga mahaifa. Kowane Layer zai ɗauki zuma zuwa jikinsa; tsofaffin kwari suna aiki a can. Matasan ƙudan zuma a wannan lokacin suna motsawa cikin yardar kaina tsakanin jikin. Ana ajiye yankan a cikin wani gini daban har zuwa ƙarshen tarin zuma, wato, har zuwa kusan ƙarshen Yuli.
13. Bayan haka, an zaɓi duk cikakke (hatimin) zuma. Ƙarƙashin ginin kawai tare da tantunan ya rage a cikin hive – gida da kuma saƙar zuma mara girma ana samun su a nan.
14. Ayyukan faɗuwa sun haɗa da ciyar da syrup sukari, cire ɓangarorin gefuna masu cike da zuma, da tsaftace mafi kyawun kantuna. Gidan da aka kafa yana da firam 9 zuwa 12. Suna sauraron amya a lokacin hunturu, farawa daga Janairu.

A ƙarshe, ina so in nuna cewa yin amfani da gandun daji na iya haifar da babban kudin shiga ga mai kiwon zuma. Amma a lokaci guda, kana buƙatar ba da lokaci da hankali ga nazarin tsire-tsire na zuma, yawan amfanin su. Sannan kuma don samar wa ƙudan zuma ingantaccen ci gaba da kulawa mai daɗi don haɓaka sabbin wuraren zuma.