Ƙwaƙwalwar dankalin turawa na Colorado na cikin dangin leaf beetles ne daga tsari na dabbobi masu fuka-fuki, tare da kimanin nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’in 35). Manya-manyan mutane da tsutsa na ƙwaro na dankalin turawa na Colorado suna ciyar da ganyen tsire-tsire na dangin nightshade, ciki har da dankalin turawa da albarkatun tumatir, barkono da kwai, waɗanda ke lalata amfanin gona da kuma kwari masu haɗari ga masana’antar noma.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Ƙasar kwari
A cikin Latin, Leptinotarsa decemlineata kuma ana kiranta dankalin turawa leaf irin ƙwaro a cikin yanayi, wanda ya fara sanin kasancewarsa a cikin fauna a 1824 ya kasance saboda binciken wani Ba’amurke ne ta hanyar masanin ilimin halitta Thomas Saye. Ya tattara wakilan da ba a san su ba a cikin al’adun inuwa kuma ya kawo daga Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen dutse a Arewacin Amirka. Tun daga nan, haraji, rarrabuwa da ƙaddarar matsayinsu a cikin iyalan kwari ya fara.
Sunan dankalin turawa, an samo shi ne bayan da ya lalata amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa a filayen jihar Amurka da ake kira Colorado.
Yankin arewa maso gabashin Mexico, inda sauran nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan Leptinotarsa ke ciyar da tsire-tsire masu inuwa da taba, ita ce ƙasarsu ta ainihi, inda ƙwaro dankalin turawa ta Colorado ta fito da kuma inda ta samo asali. Daga lardin Sonora na Mexiko, wani ƙwaro na ganyen dankalin turawa ya yi ƙaura zuwa sassan arewacin nahiyar.
Rarraba labarin kasa
Lalacewar farko ga shuka dankalin turawa ta hanyar kwari an rubuta shi a cikin jihar Nebraska ta Amurka. Daga baya, taswirar bayyanarsu ta bazu ko’ina cikin Arewacin Amirka. A ƙarshen 70s na karni na XIX, mutane sun motsa kuma suka haye Tekun Atlantika tare da kaya a kan jiragen ruwa, suna bayyana a yankin Turai, inda yake zaune har yau. A ƙarshe ta sami damar yin tushe a yawancin matsugunanta a ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko.
Ganyen dankalin turawa ya zama ruwan dare kuma ana samunsa a kusan kowace kasa a nahiyar Turai, in ban da Burtaniya, inda babu ko wuya a samu a yau.
A cikin Rasha, mutane na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro sun bayyana a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet. Masu lambu na Soviet sun san bayanai game da su daga 40s na karni na karshe. Yaduwar kwarin, inda ƙwaro dankalin turawa daga Colorado ya fito daga Rasha, an gudanar da shi tare da kutunan da ke ɗauke da bambaro daga Jamhuriyar Ukraine a cikin shekarar fari ta 1975.
Halayen bayyanar
Manya
Bayyanar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado yana da sauƙin tunawa
Bayanin yadda ƙwaro dankalin turawa ya yi kama yana da alaƙa da kwarin zuwa girman isasshe, wanda ya kai tsayin 8 zuwa 12 mm, faɗin 6 zuwa 7 mm. Kwarin yana da bayyanar da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, bisa ga abin da yake da wuya a rikitar da shi tare da sauran wakilan dangin ƙwaro. Siffofin bayyanar ƙwarin sun haɗa da sifofin sa na musamman, waɗanda ke bambanta ƙwayar leaf daga sauran kwari:
- Oval jiki tare da babban juzu’i mai ƙarfi da launin rawaya-orange mai haske,
- pronotum na kwari ba daidai ba ne, tare da baƙar fata.
- An kawata elytra biyu da ratsan baki biyar.
An yi imanin cewa ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta sami sunanta daga wani abin rufe fuska na gargaɗe na mafarauci saboda ratsin baƙar fata guda biyar akan kowane elytra.
Cikin kwarin ya ƙunshi sassa 7 tare da baƙaƙen ɗigo waɗanda aka jera a jere. Ganyen dankalin turawa yana da ƙafafu guda 3 sanye take da ƙugiya don taimakawa kwarin yana tafiya a saman ganye da kuma tushen shukar dankalin turawa.
A cikin yanayi, akwai abin da ake kira ƙwanƙwasa dankalin turawa na ƙarya (a cikin Latin Leptinotarsa juncta, ko Lj), a waje da tsarin yana kama da ƙwayar dankalin turawa. Wakilin ƙarya a Amurka ya yadu kuma ya bambanta da dankalin turawa na gaskiya a cikin nau’i na elytra da orange canza launi na kafafu.
Kwarin na iya yin nisa mai nisa albarkacin fikafikansa da suka ɓullo da ƙayataccen tsari.
Nauyin manya dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana da kusan 140-160 MG, matasa na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro sun ɗan ƙanƙanta a girman da nauyi.
Bayanin tsutsa
Bisa ga bayanin, tsutsa na dankalin turawa na Colorado dankalin turawa ya girma har zuwa 1 a tsayi, 5-1.6 cm, yana da baƙar fata, kuma tare da ƙarin Akwai nau’i biyu na dige baki. Irin wannan bayanin tsutsa yayi kama da bayyanar ladybug larvae, wanda sau da yawa rikicewa da juna. A cikin launi, dankalin turawa leaf ƙwaro tsutsa ya fara launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, amma a cikin ci gabansa, ya zama rawaya mai haske. wani lokacin tare da ruwan hoda. Launin tsutsa ya dogara ne da kasancewar wani launi mai launin rawaya-orange da ake kira carotene a cikin haemolymph (ruwa mai gudana a cikin tasoshin). Ta hanyar cin ganyen dankalin turawa da sauran inuwar, wanda ƙwaro na dankalin turawa ke ci, ba a sarrafa tsutsar, sai dai a tara carotene a ciki, wanda ke sanya musu launin karas.
Zagayowar rayuwa na manya
Dangane da matsakaita masu nuni, tsawon rayuwar ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado da duk matakan haɓaka na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado ba kasafai ya wuce shekara 1 ba. Takamammiyar siffa ta kwari ita ce iyawarta ta zama a kwance. Wannan wani yanayi ne na musamman, a matsayin manya na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro hibernates, a cikin abin da physiological matakai na metabolism da aka hana da morphogenesis tsaya. Wasu wakilai, waɗanda suka rage a cikin diapause a cikin lokacin sanyi, suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin har zuwa shekaru 3.
Yawan matasa ƙarnõni dankalin turawa leaf irin ƙwaro ne kai tsaye dogara a kan yanayin yanayi. A cikin yankunan arewa, yana nuna tsararraki ɗaya, a cikin yankunan kudancin adadin su ya kai 2-3.
Ƙwarƙwarar tana cin abinci a ɓangaren shukar dankalin turawa
Hoton ɗan leaf dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana ɓoye a cikin ƙasa, yana tashi zuwa zurfi. Nisa daga saman zuwa wurin da Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro hibernates na iya zama har zuwa rabin mita. Lokacin da zafin bazara ya zo, ya zo saman kuma ya fara ciyar da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, a daidai lokacin da tsarin mating ya fara.
Tun daga farkon lokacin bazara har zuwa faduwar, manyan mata suna shimfiɗa kwai mai ruwan lemo mai haske a ƙarƙashin ganyen. . A cikin yini, kowannensu na iya jinkirta daga 5 zuwa 80 guda. A cikin duka, a lokacin dukan lokacin rani, mace Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro na iya sa kimanin qwai dubu.
Zagayowar rayuwa na tsutsa
Larvae yana bayyana kwanaki 5-17 bayan an dasa ƙwai na mace, kuma wannan lokacin ya dogara da yanayin zafin jiki.
- Tsutsa na mataki na farko na launin toka mai duhu, wanda ya kai tsayin har zuwa 2.5 mm, an rufe shi da ƙananan gashin gashi, zai iya ƙwanƙwasa naman ganye daga ƙasa.
- mutane na biyu larval shekaru ne ja da kuma girma zuwa tsawon 45 mm, halakar da dukan ganye nama, barin m wani thickened jijiya located a tsakiyar leaf farantin, wanda zaune a saman sprouts,
- Mataki na 3 jan tsutsa tare da rawaya m tsawon har zuwa 9 mm da shekaru 4th, orange har zuwa 16 mm tsayi ya yada zuwa tsire-tsire masu makwabta, cin ganyayyaki da mai tushe.
Larvae na iya ciyar da su sosai, kuma bayan makonni biyu ko uku suna shirye don haɓaka sabon mataki kuma suna juya zuwa chrysalis, wanda suke shiga cikin ƙasan ƙasa zuwa zurfin 10 cm.
Bayan makonni biyu zuwa uku, a Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro pupa form karkashin kasa. Daga baya, kwarin balagagge yana fitowa daga pupae zuwa saman ko kuma ya shiga yanayin diapuse har sai lokacin bazara na gaba ya zo.
Zagayowar rayuwar matasa
Kwanan nan ya fito daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa Layer na Young pupae tsaya daga sauran tare da haske orange launi da taushi integument, duk da haka bayan ‘yan sa’o’i (yawanci wannan yana faruwa bayan 3-4 hours) sun zama duhu, launin ruwan kasa a launi tare da kadan ruwan hoda. tinge, a ƙarshe yana ɗaukar launin da aka saba da manyan kwari.
Lokacin da hadari ya taso, ƙwaro ganyen dankalin turawa ba ya barin wurinsa ya tashi, maimakon ya daskare, yana yin kamar ya mutu.
Kwaro mai girma ya fara ciyarwa da tara kitsen mai, yana ƙaruwa da girma kuma yana samun nauyi na kwanaki 6-20, yana shirye don haifuwa da motsi. Suna fara tashi a lokacin zafi mai zafi ko kafin lokacin hunturu. Kwarin da suka girma sun yi tafiyar kilomita dubun a lokacin rani, suna kafa sabbin matsuguni daga yankunansu. A lokaci guda kuma saurin motsinsa na iya kaiwa kilomita 8 a cikin sa’a guda.
Lalacewa da tushen abin da ya faru
Mamayewar kwari na iya lalata amfanin gona
Kwaro ya fi lalata noma musamman irin dankalin turawa.
Menene lalacewar kwari?
Kwarin yana cin kayan lambu kuma yana iya lalata yawancin amfanin gona a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Da ake kira da ɗanɗano ɗan adam parasite a cikin lambu, irin ƙwaro yana ciyar da duk sassan shuka: ƙaramin mai tushe, foliage, da tushen sa. A farkon lokacin aikin lambu, ciyayi mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano na kayan lambu shrub ya zama tushen abinci. Zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani, yana fara cin inflorescences na shuke-shuke, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin girma, yana motsawa zuwa ƙananan bene, yana lalata ganye da tubers dankalin turawa.
Fannin bayyanarwa
Ya bayyana a cikin filin cikin gida, kwaro na iya fitowa daga tushe da yawa:
- lokacin da farkon kwanakin zafi suka fara, ƙwaro yana tashi daga lambunan makwabta inda amfanin gona da aka fi so don kwaro ya daina shukawa,
- Yawancinsa ana zaɓar su ne a saman ƙasa bayan overwintering,
- wasu kwari suna sauka a kan sabon jirgin m ta babban jirgin saboda manyan sauye-sauyen yanayi ko kuma tare da amfani da matakan fasaha na gida, kuma ana iya yin jiragen sama da nisa.
Hanyoyin fada
Matakan da aka ɗauka akan ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa sun haɗa da keɓewa da sarrafa dankali da sauran kayan lambu tare da maganin kwari a mataki na biyu na tsutsa na farko da kuma lokacin haihuwa, mummunar lalacewa ga ƙananan dankalin turawa na Colorado.
Dankali irin ƙwaro high juriya ga guba sunadarai, yin shi da wuya a magance kwaro. EPV (kofar tattalin arziki na cutarwa) na kwaro ya kai mutane 40 a cikin murabba’in murabba’in 100.
Yawancin lambu a cikin ƙananan wuraren da aka dasa suna lalata kwaro ta hanyar tattara shi da hannu daga ciyayi na kayan lambu, tunda ba za a iya jujjuya shi cikin ganyayyaki ba.
Makiya na halitta
Ga yawancin tsuntsaye da dabbobi da yawa, kwaro ba zai iya ci ba. Wannan shi ne saboda, a cikin tsarin ciyar da amfanin gona na inuwa, ƙwaro na dankalin turawa yana tara alkaloid mai guba da sinadarai na solanine a ɓangaren ganye da kuma tsire-tsire a cikin jikinsa.
Pheasants shine tsuntsu mai gashin fuka-fuki wanda ƙwaro dankalin turawa ke ci. Ƙwarƙwarar ƙasa da laceworms suna ciyar da tsutsansu. Karamin mafarauci tsakanin kwari, ladybug na iya cin ƙwai na ƙwaro ganyen dankalin turawa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen yaƙar waɗannan nau’ikan kwari. Gine tsuntsaye maƙiyin halitta ne na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado. Balagagge mutane na iya zama abinci ba kawai ga tsuntsayen Guinea ba, har ma ga turkeys. Don wannan dalili, tun daga ƙuruciya, ana ƙara tsuntsu a cikin ciyar da kwarin da aka dasa. Daga cikin abokan gaba na dabi’a waɗanda ke cin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, ban da tsuntsaye, akwai adadin kwari: kwari da kwari na tahini.
