Fusarium wilt na cucumbers yana daya daga cikin mafi lalacewa da cututtuka masu haɗari da ke shafar manyan wuraren da aka noma. Ko da shekaru 20 da suka gabata, cutar Fusarium ta fi kai hari kan amfanin gona, sau da yawa wasu nau’ikan amfanin gona na lambu suna fama da wannan. Yanayin yana canzawa cikin sauri. Fusarium da cucumbers ba su wuce. M cuta zuwa kusan duk fungicides. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a san alamun cututtuka da dalilai na fusarium wilt na cucumbers, yadda za a bi da shi, abin da zai taimaka wajen adana tsire-tsire, yadda za a hana kamuwa da cuta, abin da za a yi idan an sami alamun cutar a kan bushes.
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Halayen cutar
Ma’anar abin da ke haifar da ita ita ce ƙwayoyin fungi masu girma da sauri da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa na Fusarium Link. Musamman mai guba F. graminearum ko F. solani (Mart) ana samun su akai-akai. Ana rarraba shi a yankuna da yawa. Fungi masu aiki da yawa suna kamuwa da kusan kowane nau’in amfanin gona na lambu.
Waɗannan nau’ikan ƙwayoyin cuta suna yaduwa cikin sauƙi kuma suna riƙe da ƙarfi a cikin ƙasa na shekaru da yawa. Ana iya canza shi daga shuka zuwa shuka ta iska, ruwa. Kwayoyin fungal suna shiga cikin tsarin tushen. Yanayin zafi mai zafi da zafi na ƙasa yana haifar da ci gaban cutar. Cututtukan fungal suna nuna matsakaicin aiki a ƙarƙashin kyawawan yanayi. Musamman da sauri, cutar tana shafar tsire-tsire masu rauni.
Sanadin
Dalilan wannan tabarbarewar juriyar cucumbers sune kamar haka:
- injinan noma marasa inganci,
- ƙasa mara kyau na micronutrient,
- kwatsam canje-canje a yanayin zafi
- lalacewar kwari,
- high iska ko ƙasa zafi.
Yawan shayarwa, tsangwama na ruwa tsakanin layuka zai yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar kayan lambu da kayan lambu da kuma haifar da raguwar juriya ga cututtuka.
RME iri da ake girma a cikin greenhouses. Tun da ƙasa a cikin greenhouses da wuya a kashe su, kuma zazzabi da matakan zafi suna da kyau ga rayuwar Fusarium Link. Lokacin kamuwa da cutar, amfanin gona na kokwamba na greenhouse ya mutu da sauri.
Cutar cututtuka
Yana da wuya a gane kamuwa da cuta a cikin matasa shuke-shuke. A cikin lokacin farko, fusarium ba zai iya faruwa ba. Tsarin asymptomatic na cutar yana ɗaukar makonni biyu. Lokacin da ake bincikar ƙananan bishiyoyi, ya kamata a bincika wani yanki na tushe. A gaban cutar, za a yi duhu na jigilar jigilar kaya na bulala kokwamba. A cikin ƙananan tsire-tsire, alamar farko ita ce rot rot. A gani, zai yi kama da duhun ɓangaren tushe da siraran sa a hankali.
Babban bayyanar cututtuka:
- wilting na ƙananan mutum ganye, kuma sannu a hankali ko’ina.
- canje-canje a cikin ɓangaren kore mai launi na daji (paleness, yellowish spots),
- fitowar zuwa saman tushe na conidia (fure mai ruwan hoda),
- duhun tsagewar kara, burbushin rot.
Yayin da cutar ta ci gaba, wasu alamun sun fara bayyana, suna nuna ci gaba mai girma na fusarium, motsi na kwayoyin cuta tare da vascularization. Saitin Kokwamba. Ci gaba a hankali na fusarium a cikin shuka zai kasance tare da wilting tare da duk layin girma. Fusarium fungi, kamar kowane rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, suna fitar da alamun ayyuka masu mahimmanci, kuma suna da guba kuma baya ga toshe tsarin jijiyoyin jini, ana ƙara tsarin lalata tushen, da sauran sassan daji. A sakamakon haka, necrosis (mutuwa) na gabobin ciyayi da cikakken mutuwar shuka.
Matakan kariya
Game da irin wannan cuta, rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da matakan rigakafi shine hanya mai dacewa don yin wannan, akwai ayyukan noma da yawa waɗanda zasu kare cucumbers daga kamuwa da cuta kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Matakan rigakafin za su taimaka wajen adana amfanin gona
Wata hanya mai mahimmanci kuma cikakkiyar hanyar rigakafi ita ce shuka tsire-tsire masu lafiya da iri marasa kamuwa da cuta. Irin da aka sarrafa ba zai yi wuya a saya ba a cikin shaguna na musamman. Amma ga seedlings, mafi kyawun zaɓi shine shuka su da kansu tare da lura da fasaha.
Mataki na gaba shine noman ƙasa a cikin greenhouse ko a cikin gado da aka yi nufin dasa cucumbers. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na rigakafin cututtuka da matakan rigakafi:
- thermal,
- nazarin halittu,
- makanikai,
- ilmin sunadarai.
Thermal shine sarrafa ƙasa da ruwan zãfi, wanda ya dace da ƙananan gadaje da ƙananan greenhouses. Halittu, hanya mai wahala, yana ɗaukar lokaci da ƙoƙari. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan disinfection ta hanyar cire 20-25 cm na ƙasa wanda aka aika zuwa takin, canja wurin ƙasa tare da ƙwallan dung da incubating na shekaru 2-3. Makanikai sun yi kama da na halitta, ta wannan hanya ana cire Layer na sama kuma a maye gurbinsu da wani sabo da mara lafiya. Sinadarin ya kasance mafi kyawu kuma mafi sauri, ta amfani da kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta, ana aiwatar da maganin ƙasa.
Da kyau, fasahar aikin gona da ta dace za ta kasance da mahimmanci don tsire-tsire su yi girma da ƙarfi da juriya.Matsakaicin shayarwa, ciyarwa akan lokaci da sarrafa kwaro, da kuma amfani da kayan rufewa a lokuta masu ƙarfi da zafin jiki.
Tratamiento
Cututtukan Fusarium sune cututtuka masu wuyar magancewa. saboda dalilai da dama:
- marigayi ganewar asali da ma’anar cutar,
- kamuwa da cuta ya fito ne daga tushen tsarin.
Abu na farko da ya kamata a yi wajen gano ciyayi masu cuta, a cire su daga gadaje a kona su don hana kamuwa da tsiro masu lafiya, babu yadda za a yi shukar da ke da aure ta fita a kan gado ko a cikin ramin taki.
Mataki na gaba zai kasance magani tare da kwayoyin halitta ko sunadarai don rigakafi da sarrafa fusarium.
Magungunan ilimin halitta
An tabbatar da kyau a cikin yaki da rigakafin fusarium a cikin cucumbers, samfurin nazarin halittu Trichodermin.
Samfurin ya dogara ne akan nau’in Trichoderma wanda aka haɓaka a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Trichoderma kwayar halitta ce mai kwayar halitta guda daya ta halittar Hyphomycetes. Halittar kwayoyin halitta da ke lalata wasu nau’ikan fungi don haka lalata shi. Yana da wannan sifa mai mahimmanci na trichoderma wanda ke ba da dalilin yin amfani da shi a cikin yaki da fusarium a cikin cucumbers. Cikakken aminci ga cucumbers da muhalli.
Ana amfani da maganin don fesa mai tushe da ganyen tsire-tsire, waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Hakanan ana amfani da Trichodermin don noma kwanaki 2 kafin dasawa.
Irin waɗannan analogues sune Bactofit, Trichophytos, Planriz. Hakanan ana amfani da su cikin nasara don dakatar da yaduwar fusarium wilt a cikin cucumbers.
Chemical
Yin amfani da sinadarai don magani da rigakafin fusarium wilt shima yana faruwa a cikin fasahar noma. Yawancin fungicides ba su da tasiri sosai don magance cutar gaba ɗaya. Yawancin sinadarai da aka samar (fungicides) waɗanda ke yin aiki mai kyau wajen yaƙar fusarium a cikin hatsi, hatsi, da amfanin gona na ado. Babu magunguna masu inganci da yawa da aka yi amfani da su akan amfanin gona na kabewa da aka saba, kuma tasirin su bai isa ba don yaƙar fusarium a cikin matakin aiki.
Fundazole ya tabbatar yana da tasiri ta fuskar bincike. Ana amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi don maganin tsaba kafin dasa shuki, kuma idan akwai rashin lafiya, ana ƙara bushes kokwamba tare da bayani. Tsawon lokacin kariyar Fundazole shine makonni biyu zuwa uku. Ƙungiya na shirye-shiryen benzimidazole sun tabbatar da tasiri wajen yaƙar wilt.
Fusarium resistant iri
Kasuwancin iri na zamani yana ba ku damar zaɓar nau’ikan da ke tsayayya da irin wannan cuta, wanda zai sauƙaƙe mai lambu.
Yawancin nau’ikan da ke da halaye masu inganci kuma musamman masu jure cututtukan fungal:
- Muryoyi – masu tsayayya da cututtukan fungal, zafi mai zafi, rashin isasshen haske, canjin zafin jiki Parthenocarpic, amfani da duniya, babban aiki.
- Rafael: ƙaƙƙarfan girma, matasan kai-pollinated, resistant zuwa tushen rot tare da santsi cylindrical ‘ya’yan itatuwa, dandano mai kyau.
- Obsky: matsakaici-sized matasan resistant zuwa peronosporosis, fusarium, bacteriosis da kwatsam canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, da dandano ne ban mamaki.
- Noble – Tsakanin farkon pollinated matasan tare da farkon nau’in furanni, mai jure wa anthracnose, ascochitosis, cladosporosis, fusarium, bacteriosis, da cututtukan hoto.
ƙarshe
Duk da cl zhnosti da yaduwar wannan nau’in cutar, akwai hanyoyin da za a iya shuka amfanin gona mai inganci tare da ƙarancin asara. Babban kuma mafi inganci hanyar magance fusarium wilt lokacin girma kokwamba shine tare da matakan rigakafi, disinfection, da noma. Kuma babban abu shine fasahar noma daidai da kulawa da tsire-tsire. Ƙarfi da lafiya shrubs, da wuya fallasa su fungal cututtuka.
