Abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da maganin ƙudan zuma don varroatosis –

Varroatosis ko varroosis ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazana ga wanzuwar ƙudan zuma. Shekaru da yawa, masu kiwon zuma a duniya suna kokawa da wannan cuta ba tare da nasara ba, kuma, abin baƙin ciki, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi watsi da sana’ar kiwon zuma da suka fi so.

Ana samun mite na Varroa jacobsoni a ko’ina a duk yankuna masu dacewa da kiwon zuma. A musamman microclimate na hive halitta duk yanayi domin ta nasara haifuwa. A lokacin rani, tsintsiya mara nauyi ya fi shafa kuma larvae da pupae suna shafar su a cikin bazara da kaka. A parasites hibernate a cikin manya ƙudan zuma.

Abun cikin labarin

• 1 Wakilin haddasawa da hanyoyin yadawa.
• 2 Ta yaya cutar ke ci gaba?
• 3 ganewar asali
• 4 Matakan rigakafi
• 5 Halin da ake ciki dangane da annoba
• 6 Hanyoyin sinadarai da hanyoyin sarrafawa.
• 7 hanyoyin jama’a
• 8 Zootechnical hanyoyin lucha.
• 9 Hanyoyin jiki na gwagwarmaya.
• 10 kamuwa da cuta

Wakilin haddasawa da hanyoyin yadawa.

Kwayoyin cuta mai duhu launin ruwan kasa. Ana iya samunsa kai tsaye akan ƙudan zuma masu cutar. Girman kaska, da duhun launi da sauƙin ganewa a cikin amya. A parasite yana da kaifi tsotsa da sokin na’ura, tare da taimakon abin da ya samu kudan zuma hemolymph.

Mace a cikin kudan zuma

Takin mata masu taki suna sanya ƙwai a cikin sel masu samari na tsawon kwanaki 8 zuwa 9. Bayan hatimin waɗannan sel, cikakken ci gaban sake zagayowar Varroa yana faruwa (parasitizes pupae).

Idan mite ya ci gaba a cikin tantanin halitta, kudan zuma za ta fito da rauni sosai. Lokacin da adadin da ya fi girma ya zama parasitized, gazawar yana faruwa a cikin ci gaban tsutsa: kafafu da fuka-fuki ba su tasowa kuma girman jiki yana raguwa. Lokacin da kaska shida “sun kasance” a cikin tantanin halitta, pupa ya mutu.

Kwayoyin cututtuka na mata masu tasowa suna rarrafe akan kudan zuma masu girma kuma suna hawa zuwa wurare masu nisa daga jikinsu, wanda ya dace da ciyarwa ba tare da shamaki ba: wannan shine ƙananan ciki, sarari tsakanin kafafu da kuma a cikin armpits na fuka-fuki. Maza suna rayuwa ne kawai ta hanyar kiwo, inda tsarin haifuwa da mutuwarsu ke faruwa.

Ticks fi son mulkin mallaka drones da matasa ƙudan zuma a cikin hive. Akwai kadan a cikin kwari masu tashi.

Manya-manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na rayuwa har zuwa watanni uku a lokacin rani kuma har zuwa watanni 8 a cikin hunturu. Har zuwa 6-7 masu iya kamuwa da cuta ana iya samun su akan kudan zuma! Ƙudan zuma na iya zubar da varroa daga juna kawai a cikin gida dabam dabam. A mafi yawan lokuta, sun kasance marasa tsaro.

Babban tushen kamuwa da cutar shine kudan zuma da kuma jirage marasa matuka masu dauke da cutar. A cikin watanni uku kacal, Varroa na iya bazuwa daga nisan kilomita 6 zuwa 11, yana cutar da duk gonar kudan zuma a wannan yanki.

Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu tare da tsotsa parasite.

Hanyoyin yadawa:

• jirgin sama mara matuki a kan mating flights;
• tuntuɓar ƙudan zuma masu tashi a lokacin tarin zuma (kaska ya bugi fure kuma ya ɓoye a cikin inuwar rana, a ƙarshe yana “tashi” akan wani kudan zuma);
• harin ɗan fashin kudan zuma;
• kasancewar apiaries masu kamuwa da cuta a kan hanyar zuwa tsire-tsire na zuma;
• sake shirya firam ɗin ƙanƙara daga hita mai cutar zuwa gida mai lafiya;
• wuri kusa da amya a kan tura;
• maye gurbin mahaifa ba tare da bincikar shi da farko ba (a cikin mahaifa, Varroa ba kasafai ba ne, amma suna iya ɗaukar cutar).

Ta yaya cutar ke ci gaba?

Ana iya lura da Varroa kawai shekaru biyu zuwa uku bayan mamayewar farko. A wannan lokacin, parasites suna mamaye kusan kashi 30% na ƙudan zuma; yawan amfanin gidajen da abin ya shafa ya fara raguwa sosai. Tare da saurin haifuwa na Varroa, mutuwar iyalai yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Girman manya parasites.

Ƙididdigar girman lalacewar gida abu ne mai sauƙi:

• 10 parasites da ɗari ƙudan zuma – rauni sa, wanda a zahiri ba ya shafar yawan aiki (yaƙin da pathogen zai yi tasiri);
• 20 parasites – matsakaicin matakin da ke shafar aikin (hasashen jiyya ya dogara da matakan da aka ɗauka);
• fiye da 20 – tsunkule mai karfi, wanda ya rage yawan yawan aiki da kuma lalata ci gaban iyali (idan ba a dauki matakan gaggawa da daidai ba don kawar da mamayewa, kwari za su mutu).

Kusan dukkan nau’ikan nau’ikan suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar! Kudan zuma mafi tsauri na Indiya. Amma a lokaci guda, a cikin aikin kiwon zuma, ba a samun lokuta na dawo da kai ko da a cikin wannan nau’in. Dole ne a yi yaƙi da mamayar da gaske a kowane hali.

A cikin hunturu, yaduwar Varroa yana raguwa, musamman a cikin apiaries na waje. Ƙananan yanayin zafi ba su da haɗari ga ƙudan zuma (yawan zafi ya fi haɗari), amma wasu daga cikin mace Varroa sun mutu daga gare su lafiya.

Amma ga ɗakunan dakuna na hunturu, yanayin ya fi rikitarwa. Ticks suna shiga yanayi mai dumi, wanda shine abin da ake buƙata don kiyaye ƙarfin su. Yanayin da ya fi dacewa ga Varroa an san shi shine yanayin wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Kuma ko da a cikin yankuna masu zafi, akwai haɗin gwiwa tare da yaduwar mamayewa da yanayin yanayi: a lokacin rani, kamuwa da iyalai yana ƙaruwa.

tsutsa mai kamuwa da cuta

Sakamakon mamayewa:

• Ana lura da saurin tsufa na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙudan zuma masu aiki;
• adadin jirage marasa matuka suna raguwa;
• da haihuwa na sarauniya faduwa: kwanciya da qwai da alama m, warwatse a kan combs;
• saboda wuce gona da iri na mahaifa, kwanciya kwai ya daina jinkiri sosai a cikin fall;
• iyalai suna da rauni a cikin bazara, suna tattara zuma da kyau;
• a lokacin rani, iyalai masu kamuwa da cuta suna barin tsohuwar amya;
• tare da wani nau’i mai karfi na kamuwa da cuta, ana lura da wari mara kyau, tun da ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta ko da a cikin ƙwayar da ba a rufe ba;
• Iyalan da abin ya shafa ba za su iya kafa kulob na yau da kullun ba a cikin kaka (a cikin hunturu yana kwance, sanyi kuma ya mutu).

ganewar asali

Lokacin nazarin iyalai, yana da mahimmanci kada a ruɗe da ganewar asali. Varroa dan kadan yayi kama da wani pathogen – Braula, amma a cikin karshen jikin yana girma a gaba kuma girman ya fi sau da yawa. Don kawar da kuskure, dole ne ka tuntuɓi dakin gwaje-gwajen dabbobi.

Varroa a babban girma

Alamomin kamuwa da cuta na waje:

• drones suna da mummunar siffar jiki (fuka-fuki masu tasowa, rashin kafafu, nakasar ciki da kirji);
• ƙudan zuma na ma’aikata suna tashi da talauci, suna faɗowa daga dandalin saukowa, suna rarrafe kan tasiri tsakanin amya;
• Larvae da pupae ana ganin ana fitar da su da yawa daga cikin gida;
• brood ko da yaushe ya bambanta, ba daidai ba a tarwatse a kan combs (akwai tazara na sel ɗaya ko biyu).

Irin waɗannan alamun suna buƙatar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na tilas don ware sepsis, gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta, da ɓarna.

Matakan rigakafi

Binciken gida na shekara-shekara yana taimakawa gano cututtuka a farkon matakan.

Ana biyan kulawa ta musamman ga ƙwayoyin drone. Wajibi ne a buɗe murfin sel da yawa waɗanda ke ƙasan firam ɗin da kan firam ɗin da suka rage matsananci a cikin gida. Cire kwari tare da tweezers, bincika su a hankali, kuma bincika tantanin halitta kanta.

Wannan shi ne abin da tantanin halitta da ba a buga ba tare da matsi mai nauyi.

An kamu da cutar sosai, ana samun Varroa a kasan amya da faɗuwar ƙasa.

Rauni yana da matukar wahala a iya tantancewa ta gani. Sabili da haka, yana da sauƙi don yin magani guda ɗaya na nests tare da maganin da ya dace da prophylaxis. A lokaci guda kuma, takarda mai kauri da aka shafa da jelly na man fetur ana watsawa a kasan amya. A cikin rabin sa’a, zaku iya samun faɗuwar kaska anan, idan akwai wasu a cikin hive.

Halin da ake ciki dangane da annoba

Idan akwai fashewa na varroatosis a yankin, ya kamata a fahimci cewa nisa daga mayar da hankali kan cutar yana da mahimmanci:

1. A cikin nisan kilomita 7, an sanya keɓe, wanda ke nuna haramcin ƙaura da sake tsara zuriya daga wannan iyali zuwa wani. Ya kamata a duba gidajen gida kowane mako biyu.
2. Wurin da ba shi da kyau ya wuce a cikin radius na kilomita 100. Iyalai anan kuma ana kula da su akai-akai don kamuwa da kaska.

Hanyoyin sinadarai da hanyoyin sarrafawa.

Babu ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shirye-shiryen sinadarai da zai ba da cikakkiyar magani, kamar yadda Varroa ya yi parasitizes a cikin rufaffiyar brood. Don haka, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa jiki da na zootechnical lokaci guda.

Ana gudanar da jiyya na varroatosis a cikin ƙudan zuma tare da kwayoyi masu zuwa:

Bipin sanannen sinadari ne kuma mai inganci.

“Bipin” yana da inganci sosai. Ana amfani da maganin wannan magani don kula da hanyoyi masu kyau a cikin kaka lokacin da maraƙi ya riga ya ɓace. Ana sake aiwatarwa bayan kwanaki bakwai. Adadin shine 1 ml a kowace lita biyu na ruwan sanyi mai sanyi. Ba a cinye fiye da ml 10 a kowace titi.

“Vargarin” Aerosol ne da ake amfani da shi a yanayin zafi tsakanin 13 zuwa 25 digiri Celsius. Don aiwatar da tituna, kuna buƙatar faɗaɗa zuwa santimita biyu zuwa uku kuma ku fesa maganin a kansu daga nesa na santimita 10 zuwa 15 don 1,5 seconds. Ana isar da Aerosol zuwa mashigar ƙasa don 3-5 seconds.

“Timol” yana crumbles zuwa foda a lokacin rani mai aiki a cikin adadin 0,25 g kowace hanya. Sake sarrafawa yana ɗaukar mako guda. Tare da matsayi mai ƙarfi na mamayewa, ana maimaita irin wannan pollination sau uku tare da hutun kwana huɗu. Ana ba da izinin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a zazzabi da bai ƙasa da +15 ba kuma bai wuce +26 digiri Celsius ba. Zaka iya amfani da shigar da maganin a cikin gauze ko nailan jaka. Amma idan ya wuce digiri +26 a waje, yakamata a cire maganin da aka sanya a saman firam ɗin a cikin jaka daga duk iyalai.

“Oxalic acid” ana amfani da shi ta hanyar ban ruwa. Don yin wannan, 20 grams na miyagun ƙwayoyi suna narkar da a cikin lita daya na ruwa da kuma zuba a cikin finely tarwatsa nebulizer. Amfani da kashi: 150 ml (a matsakaita har zuwa 12,5 ml a kowace murabba’i a bangarorin biyu). Ana aiwatar da aikin ne a yanayin zafin da bai ƙasa da digiri 14 ba. Ana iya yin fesa sau hudu zuwa shida a kowace kakar.

“Formic acid” (ko “ant”). Ana amfani dashi daga farkon bazara zuwa ƙarshen kaka a yanayin zafin iska na +14 zuwa +25 digiri. Ana sanya acid ɗin a cikin buɗaɗɗen vials a ƙasan hiki mai kyau na kwana 3 zuwa 5. Reprocessing faruwa a cikin bazara bayan kwanaki 12. A cikin kaka, acid yana saita sau ɗaya. Ana amfani da “Ant” daidai da umarnin da aka makala!

Folbex Ana amfani dashi kawai a cikin bazara da lokacin rani a yanayin zafi ƙasa da +12 digiri Celsius. Don iyali na firam 16 zuwa 20, akwai nau’ikan magungunan guda biyu waɗanda suke auna 2 ta santimita 10. An rufe gidan da aka kula da shi na tsawon rabin sa’a sannan kuma yana da iska sosai. Ana yin refumigation bayan sa’o’i 24.

Phenothiazine kar a yi amfani da lokacin rani. A cikin bazara da kaka, ana iya yin aiki a yanayin zafi ƙasa da +15 digiri. Kashi ɗaya: 1,5 g na foda ko kwamfutar hannu 1 a kowane rami tare da aƙalla firam uku. Ana ciyar da foda ta cikin daraja ta amfani da mai shan sigari tare da bututun ƙarfe mai tsayi. A cikin bazara ana yin feshin sau biyu kuma a cikin kaka ana yin feshin sau huɗu tare da hutun kwana ɗaya. Ana kunna kwamfutar hannu akan wuta kuma ana allurar ta ta wani wuri a cikin farantin ƙarfe (dole ne a rufe hive na minti 40). Hanyar magani shine allunan guda uku, magani kowane kwana bakwai zuwa takwas.

A cikin bazara, ana bada shawara don shigar da sassan acaricidal kamar “Polisan”, “Fumisan”, “Apifit”, wanda ke rage mannewa da maye gurbin wasu sinadarai.

hanyoyin jama’a

Ingantattun magungunan gida sune:

• decoction na wormwood da Pine;
• yankakken thyme ganye.

Flowering thyme (thyme)

Thyme ganye ana amfani da ita kafin a zuga zumar; aiki na ƙarshe yana faruwa kwanaki bakwai kafin a karɓi samfuran kudan zuma. Wajibi ne a wuce gram 100 na ciyawa ta hanyar injin nama, sanya tsakanin nau’i biyu na gauze a saman firam kuma a rufe da filastik filastik. Bayan kwana uku, ana maye gurbin tsohuwar thyme da sabon.

Decoction na wormwood da Pine bayar a karshen kakar wasa a matsayin kari na likita. An shirya shi kamar haka: 50 grams na Pine buds da 900 grams na sabo ne wormwood tare da furanni ana tafasa su a cikin lita goma na ruwa na tsawon sa’o’i biyu zuwa uku. Sa’an nan kuma ana ƙara 30-35 ml na broth a cikin lita ɗaya na syrup. Ana ba da maganin da aka karɓa a cikin adadin lita 10-12 a kowace iyali.

Yaya ake amfani da magungunan gida wajen maganin kudan zuma?

Zootechnical hanyoyin lucha.

Waɗannan hanyoyin sun dace azaman jiyya da rigakafin marasa magani:

• Ana yin Layering ba tare da brood ba;
• halakar parasites ana aiwatar da su ne a kan kuɗin da ake yi na brood drone (sun fi son wannan brood fiye da kowa, tun da akwai ƙananan zafin jiki da ƙananan ƙwayar salula); Wannan dabarar tana da tasiri musamman a wuraren da ƙwai bayan ƙarshen renon mara matuƙi ke ɗaukar ɗan lokaci;
• drone brood an bar shi a cikin mafi ƙarancin kamuwa da iyalai tare da babban yawan aiki: ana amfani da shi don haɓakar samarin sarauniya;
• nests suna sanye da tarkuna na ninkaya da shimfidawa, waɗanda ba sa barin Varroa da ya faɗo ya haura zuwa ƙudan zuma; irin wannan goyon baya yana da tsayin 5-6 cm da ragar ƙarfe a kusa da dukan kewayen tare da diamita na raga na 2-3 mm;
• don fadada nests, sabobin combs ko combs da aka yi amfani da su fiye da shekaru 2-3 an shigar;
• ana sabunta saƙar zuma da ake amfani da su wajen kiwon zuma a kowace shekara (ta kashi 30-40%);
• ana shigar da amya a wurare masu rana, kuma ƙananan sashinsu yana hawa sama da matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da santimita 30-40.

Muhimmi: Frames tare da buɗaɗɗen sel marasa amfani yakamata a jiƙa na sa’o’i 10-12 a cikin maganin 2-3% acetic acid. Bayan haka, ana girgiza tsutsa, kuma ana wanke combs da ruwa mai tsabta kuma a bushe.

Hanyoyin jiki na gwagwarmaya.

Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi, da farko, amfani da thermal kyamaroriwanda ya ƙunshi kaset ɗin kudan zuma, mazurari da wani sashe daban tare da kayan dumama. An yi ɗakin ɗakin da plywood ko itace. Tsayinsa (kowane kaset) yana da mita 1,2 kuma faɗinsa shine 75 cm. Tireshin raga na ƙarfe mai cirewa tare da tantanin halitta 45 zuwa 0,5 mm ana hawa 0,5 cm daga ƙasa. Ticks za su taru a nan.

Kamarar zafi a cikin sashe

A zafin jiki na digiri 48 kawai, parasites sun mutu a cikin mintuna 15-18 (jikinsu yana raguwa da sauri fiye da ƙudan zuma). Girgizawa ko jujjuya kaset (tsarin aikin ya dogara da ƙirar kamara) yana sa Varroa ya durƙusa akan tire. Ana shuka kudan zuma don magani ba tare da sarauniya ba don ware kulab da tururi.

Sabbin hanyoyin sun hada da yin amfani da firam na musamman da aka saka da robobin zuma.… Masu sana’anta sun yi musu fentin kore mai haske don sauƙaƙe aikin mai kiwon zuma. Wannan na’urar tana da girman tantanin halitta wanda ke ba wa sarauniya damar yin ƙwai marasa haihuwa kawai.

Bayan kwanaki 8-10, ana cire waɗannan firam ɗin daga gida tare da ticks waɗanda suka cika su, an nannade su cikin jakar filastik kuma a aika zuwa injin daskarewa na dare. Da safe, ana tsabtace firam ɗin, an lalatar da su kuma a koma wurinsu. Kuna iya siyan su akan layi.

kamuwa da cuta

Jiyya na ƙudan zuma don varroatosis ana gudanar da shi lokaci guda tare da matakan disinfection.

Ana tsabtace combs da firam ɗin da suka dace don amfani daga baya kuma ana sanya su a cikin kwalaye masu matsewa. An sanya zane da aka jika tare da maganin acetic acid 80% a saman. Amfani: 200 ml na bayani don 10-12 Frames. Disinfection tare da wannan hanya yana ɗaukar kwanaki 3 zuwa 5, dangane da yanayin iska; ƙananan shi ne, mafi tsayi da lalacewa. Bayan sarrafa su, ana fitar da combs da rana.

Ana lalata amya da sassan katakonsu da harshen wuta na mai kona wuta.

Za a iya amfani da zumar da aka sauke a matsayin abinci ba tare da hani ba, amma bai dace da ciyar da ƙudan zuma ba.

Mahimmanci: ana aiwatar da warkewa, rigakafi da sauran matakan a cikin bazara bayan jirgin tsaftacewar bazara da kuma lokacin bazara-kaka nan da nan bayan famfo zuma ko kafin kafa kulob na hunturu.