Masu kiwon kudan zuma na farko waɗanda ke da matuƙar tunani game da kiwon kwari na zuma za su buƙaci su koyi duk abubuwan da suka shafi samun, kiwon kudan zuma, da gudanar da gonar kudan zuma. Kuma daya daga cikin mahimman ra’ayoyin mai kula da kudan zuma novice ya kamata ya sani: “Me yasa muke buƙatar fakitin ƙudan zuma?” Bayan haka, a cikin su ne ake ba da sabbin mazauna ga gidan apiary.
Menene fakitin ƙudan zuma?
Kiwon zuma aiki ne na kasuwanci, don haka abubuwan da ake sayarwa ba kayan sharar kudan zuma ba ne kawai, har da kwari da kansu.
A lokacin kakar, adadin ƙudan zuma a cikin amya yana girma sosai (a cikin swarms ko aiki yadudduka). Ana sayar da ragowar samfuran don ƙirƙirar fakitin ƙudan zuma. Sun haɗa da ƙudan zuma da yawa waɗanda suka zama matasa amma masu zaman kansu.
Bisa ga ma’auni, kit ɗin ya haɗa da kudan zuma mai tayi, mai shekaru 1 zuwa 2, 1.3 zuwa 1.5 kg. ƙudan zuma masu lafiya da ƙarfi, firam guda biyu tare da ƙudan zuma da aka buga, kilogiram 3-4 na abinci (dangane da nisa da dangin za a kai) da akwati don jigilar kaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha’awa!
An auna dangin kudan zuma a kilogiram, ta nauyin firam (435 × 300), wanda aka lulluɓe da kwari.
Ana siyan kunshin kuma an kafa shi kawai a cikin lokacin bazara (ƙarshen Afrilu – farkon Mayu).
Na farko, duk mutane suna samuwa a wannan lokacin.
Na biyu, kudan zuma suna cike da kuzari kuma sun samar da yadudduka da yawa.
Na uku, domin sabbin matsugunan su zauna a sabon wuri, su fara ci da kansu, su kara karfi su fara daukar zuma.
A duk lokacin tafiyar, kwari suna samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da ruwa.
An kafa fakitin ƙudan zuma daga wani yanki na yankin kudan zuma mai lafiya. An halicce su don manufa ɗaya: don sayarwa. Misali, fakitin kudan zuma na Buckfast sun shahara sosai. An bambanta kwari na wannan nau’in ta hanyar yanayin zaman lafiya, babban zaki da lokacin hunturu na al’ada.
Bambanci daga yankin kudan zuma.
Yankin kudan zuma wata al’umma ce mai tsari mai sarkakiya. Sarauniyar kudan zuma ce ke jagorantar ta, wacce ke ƙarƙashin wakilai dubu da yawa waɗanda ke aiki tare da tsarin haihuwa da ba a haɓaka ba, da ɗaruruwan jirage marasa matuƙa na maza.
Ƙungiyar kwari tana da alaƙa ta zahiri da juna, kuma kowane ɗayanta yana yin takamaiman ayyuka. Kudan zuma suna musayar sigina da sauti tare da juna, suna musayar pheromones da abinci. Saboda haka, daidaikun mutane ba za su iya zama daban ba.
Kowane iyali “zuma” wanda ya tsira a shekara yana da nasa warin mutum, haɓakar gida, yawan aiki, halin zalunci, juriya ga cututtuka.
Rarraba iyali (stratification) yana yiwuwa tare da haihuwar mahaifa na biyu ko na uku, wanda zai samar da kanta a kusa da kanta “batutuwa.” Samuwar fakitin kudan zuma mai inganci yana yiwuwa a cikin babban apiary tare da ƙaƙƙarfan yankunan kudan zuma.
Abin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci cewa mai siye da kansa ya tabbatar da lafiyar “dabbobi” na gaba kuma ya zaɓi abincin da ya dace.
Yadda aka kafa fakitin ƙudan zuma
Domin kada ku cutar da kwari kuma kudan zuma ba za su yi amfani da su ba, kuna buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman: akwati, mai shan taba, goga, chisel da matashin matashin tsoho.
- Mun sanya akwati kusa da hive kuma mun cire murfi;
- Muna girgiza kwari daga zane, kafin wannan, suna tashi kadan zuwa hita;
- Tare da chisel, a hankali cire firam ɗin don kada ya lalata tsire-tsire na zuma;
- Mun sanya mahaifa tare da firam a kan matashin kai;
- Mun fitar da ƙwanƙwasa da 2-3 firam tare da bugu da aka buga wanda ya cika saman daga mashaya zuwa mashaya;
- Daga firam, ƙudan zuma suna girgiza a cikin jaka (ɓangaren kudan zuma mai tashi zai koma cikin hive);
- Bayan sa’o’i 6, an ƙara mahaifa a cikin keji na musamman ga sauran dangin fakitin ƙudan zuma.
Bayan mun kula da “seedlings,” mun ƙara firam tare da abinci mai dumi, firam ɗaya tare da ƙasa, biyu tare da tushe, sanya su a kan ɗaya tare da matasa a cikin babban iyali. Muna rufe hive.
An riga an yi fakitin kudan zuma (idan an zaɓa daga iyalai da yawa) kuma ba a riga an yi ba. A wannan yanayin, an raba iyali zuwa yadudduka da yawa. Irin wannan cikakken saitin yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin dangi mai ƙarfi.
Bayani da nau’ikan fakitin kudan zuma.
Dangane da ƙirar su da kayan aikin su, kwantena don jigilar “fakitin” sun kasu kashi-kashi da firam. Ana iya yin su ba tare da plywood, guntu ba da kwali mai kwali ba. An yarda da girman fakitin kudan zuma tare da abokin ciniki.
Tsarin salula
Nau’in da aka fi sani shine fakitin kudan zuma na Dadan-Blatt (435 × 300mm). An ba ta sunan wanda ya kafa ta kuma mai haɓakawa, wanda ya daidaita hive mai ɗaukuwa ga yankunan arewa. Daga baya, ƙirar duniya ta zama tartsatsi tsakanin masu kiwon zuma.
“Maiginci” ne na sassa masu canzawa. Ya ƙunshi firam 3 zuwa 5, waɗanda suka haɗa da guda 3 tare da brood, sauran kuma tare da ciyarwa (dangane da nisan sufuri).
Mara waya mara waya
Ana tattara fakitin kudan zuma daga kudan zuma na sarauniya, an sanya shi a cikin keji na musamman, mai ba da abinci, wanda ke ɗauke da syrup sugar ko kandy (roba wanda ya ƙunshi sukari da zuma), kilogiram 1.5 na ƙudan zuma.
Akwatunan sun ƙunshi tarunan biyu a gefe, kuma a ɗayan bangarorin an rufe su da magani. Wannan nau’in jigilar kaya yana da fa’idodi da yawa akan isar da firam:
Da farko, ana rage farashin don rigakafin cututtuka na ƙudan zuma.
Na biyu, sufuri da kuma kayan da kansu suna da rahusa fiye da wayoyin hannu.
Na uku, a cikin akwati, an tsara taswirar ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun kudan zuma da kyau, wanda ke shafar ci gaban iyali.
Kunshin kudan zuma abun ciki
A lokacin jigilar kaya a cikin kwantena plywood (parallelepipeds), akwai ramuka biyu don kejin tare da sarauniya da mai ciyarwa. Yawancin lokaci ana loda abinci a cikin kunshin kudan zuma na kwanaki 10, tare da tazara.
Ƙwayoyin zuma na Brown galibi ana ɗora su a cikin kwalaye masu firam, sun fi ƙarfin farare. Ba zai murƙushewa ko karye a hanya Fakitin kudan zuma mai firam huɗu ya ƙunshi firam ɗin tsintsiya biyu da firam ɗin ciyarwa biyu. An kera fakitin ƙudan zuma mai firam shida daidai gwargwado.
Canja wurin kwari daga kudan zuma kunshe-kunshe zuwa hive.
A cikin jira na kwari, wajibi ne don shirya sabon gidan ku – hive. Ya kamata ya bushe, ba tare da fasa ba kuma sanye take da mai sha da sutura – sugar syrup. Wannan zai sauƙaƙa wa kudan zuma nesantar motsi. Ana sanya saƙar zuma a cikin amya, gwargwadon nauyin kilogiram 1.5 na dabbobi, firam ɗin daidaitattun firam guda biyar ko firam ɗin jiki guda bakwai, waɗanda aka iyakance ta diaphragm.
Sannan ana gwada kwarin don cutar. Dogon tafiya da cunkoson jama’a a cikin tarin kudan zuma na iya haifar da rashin lafiya a cikinsu.
Hanyoyin ƙaura na kwari sun dogara da kunshin da aka yi jigilar su.
Kunshin salula
Ana yin tsarin lissafin kuɗi don irin wannan kunshin lokacin sanyi. Letki ya tsaya a gaban hive. Yayin da ƙudan zuma ke tashi suna duban sabon wuri, mai kiwon zuma ya kamata ya sanya firam ɗin a cikin akwatin kamar yadda ake jigilar kudan zuma. Waɗancan kwari waɗanda ba su tashi ba ya kamata a girgiza su a cikin gida daga fakitin ƙudan zuma.
Ana sakin kudan zuma daga cikin jakar kawai lokacin da duk mazaunan suka daidaita.
fakitin kyauta ta salula
Tun kafin zuwan ƙudan zuma, ya zama dole don shirya firam ɗin Dadant-Blatt. Kafin motsa tsire-tsire na zuma daga fakitin kudan zuma zuwa hive, ana sanya su na kwanaki da yawa a wuri mai sanyi (a cikin ginshiƙi), ana ba da abinci da abin sha.
Daga nan sai a dan bude murfin kudan zuman sannan aka samu keji da wata sarauniya kudan zuma. Yana buɗewa kaɗan kuma an sanya shi tsakanin firam ɗin hive. Sauran ƙudan zuma sun yi barci a cikin gida a cikin jaka. Bayan ‘yan kwanaki, za a iya cire fakitin ƙudan zuma daga hive kuma a saki kudan zuma.
Shahararrun nau’ikan ƙudan zuma
Dangane da wurin zama, masu kiwon kudan zuma suna bambanta nau’ikan kudan zuma da yawa bisa manyan halayensu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da melliferous, kamuwa da cuta, yadda suke jurewa lokacin sanyi, da tashin hankali.
Karpatki da Karnika suna bambanta da tarin zuma mai yawa daga farkon bazara, suna girma da yawa matasa, saboda haka, yankunan ƙudan zuma suna girma sosai a cikin bazara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha’awa!
A lokacin sanyi, lokacin da sauran kwari suka daina tashi, wannan nau’in yana ƙarawa kuma yana rufe tsofaffin tsutsa tare da ragowar pollen. Sauran sharar da aka bude ana zubar dasu.
Buckfast nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) wanda aka gane a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kiwon zuma. An bambanta “mai fuka-fuki” ta hanyar ƙara yawan zaƙi, rashin sha’awar samuwar gungun, hali mai son zaman lafiya. An haife shi tsawon shekaru 50 ta hanyar tsallaka wakilan Italiyanci da Ingilishi (bayanan an lalata su ta hanyar kaska na tracheal).
Sarauniyar kudan zuma tana da yawan aiki sosai, wanda ke ba ta damar adana adadin dabbobi masu yawa.
Wannan nau’in ya fi dacewa a cikin kudanci, kwari ba sa jure wa yanayin sanyi.
Kudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha ya fi dacewa don kiwo a cikin babban yankin Rasha, tare da yanayin sanyi mai laushi da kuma sanyi mai yawan gaske.
Kwarin yana da wani suna: “Double Melifera”, wanda aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin “zuma, zuma.”
Manya-manyan girma na jiki suna ba da damar iyakar adadin pollen a tattara a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin fure.
Tsire-tsire na zuma suna jure wa cututtuka, suna jure wa sanyi da kyau. Ba lallai ba ne don matsar da amya zuwa wuri mai dumi a lokacin hunturu.
Kudan zuma na tsakiyar Rasha ana daukar su ne masu matukar tayar da hankali, don haka suna kare kansu daga harin da baki. Amma hare-hare kan mutane ba kasafai ba ne.
Don samun nasarar shiga cikin kiwon kudan zuma, irin wannan kasuwanci mai ban sha’awa da riba, koyi cikakken bayani game da ma’auni na cinikayya daga masu kiwon kudan zuma “masu kyau”. Sannan kuma “sau biyu albashi a shekara” daga siyar da fakitin zuma da kudan zuma za a tabbatar da su.
