Itacen zuma shuka ce mai kima ga apiaries a matsayin mai samar da pollen da nectar. A cikin duk wani littafi da aka sadaukar don kiwon zuma, musamman kalandar furanni, akwai bishiyoyin zuma guda goma sha biyu.
Abun cikin labarin
- 1 Rarraba da yawan aiki na zuma
- 2 Tsakiya band
- 3 A cikin dazuzzuka
- 4 Steppe da gandun daji steppe
- 5 Тайга
- 6 Shuka amfanin gona
Rarraba da yawan aiki na zuma
Tushen abinci na apiary a kowane yanki an kafa shi ne dangane da yankin yanayi da kuma nau’in dazuzzukan da ke girma a wannan yanki.
Har ila yau, nau’in itace iri ɗaya na iya nuna nau’in zuma daban-daban lokacin da yanayi ya canza: yanayin iska, tsawon sa’o’in hasken rana, nau’in ƙasa da yanayin da ke ciki yana canzawa, wanda ke shafar tsire-tsire. Waɗannan duk wasu haƙiƙanin gaskiya ne waɗanda bai kamata mai kiwon zuma novice ya manta ba.
Dazuzzuka su ne:
1. Matsala:
- kafa daga larch, Pine (haske conifers);
- An kafa shi ta hanyar kauri na itacen al’ul, fir da fir (duhun conifers).
2. Matsala:
- kafa ta itacen oak, maple, ash (abin da ake kira broadleaf);
- kafa ta kauri na Alder, Birch da aspen (kananan-leaves).
3.Mixed, kafa daga deciduous da coniferous jinsunan.
Bugu da ƙari, ana rarraba gandun daji bisa ga nau’in ƙasa. Kai tsaye tasiri ƙarfi da lokacin kwararan zuma da pollen!
Alal misali, a cikin dajin Pine Blueberries, heather, lingonberries, viburnum, barberry, tartar maple, honeysuckle, raspberries, dutse ash iya girma. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire irin su lungwort, thyme, rago, catnip, da sauransu.
Yawan aiki na irin wannan matrix shine kimanin kilogiram 40 zuwa 50 na nectar a kowace hectare. Mafi girman cin hanci sun kasance irin na heather undergrowth, diluted da tsibiran buckthorn na teku, zhostera, black elderberry, ceri tsuntsaye, da viburnum. Yawan aiki na Nectar yana da kusan kilo 100.
A cikin gandun daji na auduga teku buckthorn, hazelnut, kananan birch birch suna tartsatsi, akwai mutum itacen oak, kaho, linden itatuwa. Yana tsiro tsuntsu ceri, viburnum, daji fure. Yawan aikin nectar na massif ya kai kilogiram 30-40 a kowace kadada.
Bishiyoyin Birch Sun shahara da kauri na blueberries, heather da lemun tsami. Toka, tokar dutse, hazelnut da buckthorn na teku ana samun su anan. Ciwon Heather yana bayar da cin hanci har zuwa kilogiram 100. Sauran tsire-tsire suna samun tsakanin kilogiram 30 zuwa 40 a kowace kadada.
A cikin gandun daji na alder Yana tsiro galibin buckthorn na teku, hazelnut, hawthorn, elderberry, ash, elm, ƙaramin ɓangaren itacen oak. Ganye yana da ƙarfi, wanda ya ƙunshi valerian, meadowsweet, ƙananan rasberi buds. Akwai black elderberry, currant, ceri tsuntsu. Buckthorn na teku a yankuna da yawa yana ba da wani ɓangare na babban noman zuma a farkon lokacin rani. Matsakaicin yawan aikin nectar na massif shine kilogiram 50-100 a kowace kadada.
Sauce ya mutu, wanda aka taru musamman a yankunan fadama da kuma cikin lungunan kogin, suna samar da kyakkyawan kwararar farkon bazara. Dangane da iri-iri, ana girbe kilogiram 140-150 na nectar a kowace hectare (mafi yawan amfanin itace willow, bredina willow).
Wani rukuni daban shine ‘ya’yan itace amfanin gonagirma da lambu, ko da a kan sikelin masana’antu. Ya dogara da yawa akan zaɓin. Akwai nau’ikan da suka dace don rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai sanyi sosai, da kuma ƴan kudu na kwarai, masu kula da ɗan ƙaramin sanyi.
Tsakiya band
Bishiyoyin zuma a cikin wannan yanki na Rasha suna wakilta da:
Aliso – pollen mai karimci daga dangin Birch. Mazauni ne na yankuna masu laushi da marshy, daya daga cikin na farko zuwa fure tun kafin bayyanar foliage (daga shekaru goma na uku na Maris). Yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban bazara na yankunan kudan zuma. Mafi mahimmanci shine nau’in alder guda biyu: baki (tsawo har zuwa 25 m, ƙananan harbe da ƙananan ganye) da fari (15-20 m).
Hazelnut (hazelnut) na dangin Birch. Babban shrub ne, sau da yawa ƙananan bishiya ce da ke tsiro a cikin gandun daji masu gauraya. Kyakkyawan pollen! A lokacin furanni, kusan kashi 12% na pollen da ƙudan zuma ke kawowa kowace rana za su fito daga ciyawar hazelnut. Shuka ya dace da kafa shinge a kusa da apiaries. Matsakaicin tsayinsa shine mita 3-4. Yana blooms daga karshen Maris zuwa Afrilu.
Birchkafa dazuzzuka masu tsafta da gauraye. Akwai da yawa a cikin gandun daji da gandun daji steppe yankunan. Birch catkins suna bayyana a watan Afrilu-Mayu kuma sune tushen tushen pollen. Kudan zuma suna aiki sosai akan wannan bishiyar. Akwai nau’ikan darajar iri biyu don apiaries: rataye da furen Birch.
miya (miya) – mazaunan kwaruruka na kogi da gefuna dazuzzuka, suna fure daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu. Wannan yana da kyau, idan whimsical, farkon spring zuma shuka. Flowering sau da yawa yana faruwa a lokacin lokutan rashin kwanciyar hankali, don haka yawan kwararar willow na iya zama gajere. Matsakaicin yawan aiki na nectar a cikin yanayi mai kyau (bushe da dumi) yana da kusan kilo 150 a kowace hectare. Ƙarfafan kudan zuma mazauna dole ne suyi aiki a cikin facin willow, saboda bishiyar ba ta bambanta da yawan fitowar pollen da nectar. Mafi mahimmanci irin willow: goat (bredina), fari (willow), holly (ja willow), Rashanci.
Molamo daga dangin willow, wanda shine pollen mai mahimmanci. Itacen yana fure a ƙarshen Afrilu, farkon Mayu, kafin furen ya yi fure. Danko da ke rufe buds ana tattara su ta hanyar ƙudan zuma kuma ana amfani da su don yin propolis. Muhimman nau’in nau’in kudan zuma: black poplar, balsamic, azurfa da laurel. Ana iya samun bishiyoyi sau da yawa a wuraren shakatawa na birane, tare da hanyoyi, a cikin lambunan jama’a.
dutse – farkon lokacin rani melliferous shuka na beech iyali, na kowa a gauraye gandun daji (yafi coniferous-deciduous). Bishiyoyi kaɗai ke tsiro a cikin kwazazzabai da kwazazzabai. Ana amfani da wannan amfanin gona sau da yawa don bel na kariya a yankin steppe. Akwai nau’ikan bishiyoyi guda biyu: lokacin rani, wanda ke fure a watan Mayu nan da nan bayan furannin ganye, da kuma lokacin hunturu, wanda ke samar da nectar da pollen bayan makonni 2-3 fiye da lokacin rani.
Lura: ƙudan zuma sukan tattara zuma da molasses daga waɗannan nau’ikan (misali, a Jamus ana darajarta fiye da zumar fure saboda yawan abun ciki na bitamin da ma’adanai; ya wuce sau 6 zuwa 7 na al’ada). Ba a ba da zumar itacen oak a matsayin ado ba saboda yana iya haifar da toxicosis na nectar kuma yana raunana yankin kudan zuma sosai kafin cin hanci.
Kara karantawa: itacen oak a matsayin shuka zuma
Af, wannan nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) wanda ba za’a iya samuwa a kan sikelin kasuwanci ba a cikin yanayin yanayi na Rasha. Amma, alal misali, a Mallorca, itacen oak yana ba da cin hanci mai kyau a watan Mayu. Ruwan zuma na wannan nau’in kore iri-iri yana da haske rawaya, kamar inflorescences na bishiyar kanta.
Ana kuma nuna tsiron zuma:
Elm, wani farkon bazara pollen na gidan Elm. Itacen yana fure a cikin Afrilu-Mayu. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kyau, yana ɓoye nectar, wanda ake amfani dashi don ci gaban yankunan kudan zuma. Babu cin hancin kayayyaki. Bugu da ƙari, ƙudan zuma suna tattara manne daga ƙudan zuma, wanda ake amfani dashi don samar da propolis.
Ash, pollen bazara, furanni a cikin Afrilu-Mayu. A cikin bayyanar, sau da yawa yana rikicewa da maple na Amurka. Duk da haka, cin hancin nectar daga elms ba shi da kyau: duk pollen da ake kawowa ana kashe su ne don bunkasa gidajen ƙudan zuma, ko sun kasance a tsaye ko kuma an riga an karɓa daga Omshanik. Hakanan, idan maples da elms suna fure a lokaci guda, ƙudan zuma suna aiki ne kawai a cikin kurmin maple.
Maple – duka nau’in itace da shrubby. Dukansu an gane su a matsayin tsire-tsire masu kyau na zuma. Suna girma daji kuma ana noma su azaman gonaki na ado da kariya. Nau’o’in masu zuwa sune mafi ban sha’awa ga apiaries:
- HollyYana girma a kan ƙasa baƙar fata kuma ya kai tsayin mita 30. Yana ba da nectar kawai daga shekaru 13. Yana blooms a watan Mayu-Yuni na kwanaki 10-18. Ƙarfafan kudan zuma masu ƙarfi suna ba da kilogiram 5 zuwa 6 na nectar kowace rana.
- Field – mazaunan steppes da gandun daji steppes, wanda kuma ya fi son kasa m. Ana samun nau’in daji sau da yawa. Yana fure yana da shekaru 15, yana fitar da inflorescences a watan Mayu na kusan makonni biyu.
- Chernoklen (tartar maple) yana samar da zuma daga shekara 6. Ya narke a ƙarshen Afrilu har tsawon makonni biyu. Yana ba da zuma har kilogiram 80 a kowace kadada.
- Riverside (Ginnala) – low iri-iri tare da rikodin yawan amfanin zuma na kilogiram 90. Yana blooms a cikin rabi na biyu na Yuni.
Kuna iya karanta ƙarin anan: Maple azaman shuka zuma
Pino – farkon lokacin rani shuka zuma da shuka pollen, wanda ke ba da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani abu mai ɗanɗano don kera propolis ta ƙudan zuma. A cikin yanayi mai kyau, ƙudan zuma suna tattarawa daga wannan bishiyar ba fiye da kilo 3-4 na nectar kowace rana ba. Flowering yana daga shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu zuwa farkon Yuni.
Abeto – shuka zuma na biyu na dangin Pine, wanda ke samar da pollen musamman. Itacen yana fure a watan Mayu. Pollen yana ɓoye ta hanyar cones, wanda ke jawo hankalin ƙudan zuma. Duk da haka, ‘ya’yan itacen fir ba su da tabbas: girbi kuma, saboda haka, cin hanci yana faruwa a kowace shekara 4-5 (a arewa, har ma da sau da yawa). Bugu da ƙari, ƙudan zuma suna tattara wani abu mai guba wanda ake amfani dashi don samar da propolis.
Lura: fir propolis yana da matukar muhimmanci. Dangane da maganin gargajiya, tare da taimakonsa, zaku iya dakatar da ciwon makogwaro a cikin rana ɗaya kawai, ta hanyar tauna wannan samfurin kudan zuma.
A cikin dazuzzuka
A cikin Polesie, ban da poplars, elms, pines, firs, bishiyar ash, birch, itacen oak, maple, girma:
Аштаны – wakilan dangin sapindaceae, sun fi son yanayin yanayi. A cikin al’ada, ana shuka bishiyoyi a matsayin tsire-tsire na ado waɗanda ake amfani da su don gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma kayan ado na birni. Mafi na kowa shi ne na kowa chestnut (doki). Wannan itace kyakkyawa ce mai tsayi har zuwa mita 25-30 tare da kambi mai yawa, yadawa. Yana fure daga shekara 15. Masu kiwon kudan zuma suna yaba shi a matsayin shuka zuma na farkon bazara. Daga gauraye shuke-shuke da bishiyoyin ƙudan zuma suka mamaye, kudan zuma na kawo zuma mai nauyin kilogiram 250 a kowace kadada.
Linden bishiyoyi – mazaunan ba kawai na Polesie ba, har ma da yankin Turai na Rasha. Waɗannan su ne kyawawan tsire-tsire na zuma na lokacin rani, waɗanda ke fure tsawon kwanaki 6 zuwa 28 (a cikin matsanancin fari, furen gajere ne). Mafi kyawun nau’ikan nau’ikan apiaries waɗanda ke cikin ɓangaren Turai: Caucasian (tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa har zuwa kilogiram 750 a kowace hectare), Turai da nau’in zuciya (kimanin kilogiram 500 a kowace hectare).
Kara karantawa anan: Linden a matsayin shuka zuma
Rowan na dangin Rosaceae suna girma a ko’ina, kasancewar duka tsire-tsire na ado a wuraren shakatawa da tsire-tsire masu kyau na zuma. Ga masu kiwon zuma, mafi ban sha’awa shine chokeberry ( iri-iri na ‘ya’yan itatuwa baƙar fata) da ash na dutse na yau da kullun. Wadannan bishiyoyin bishiyoyi ko ƙananan bishiyoyi suna girma da wuri, ana yada su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar yankan, ba tare da buƙatar ingancin ƙasa ba. Suna Bloom a watan Mayu da Yuni. Abubuwan da ake samu a kowace hekta na gonaki masu yawa ya kai kilogiram 30 zuwa 50. Ruwan zuma yana da daɗi tare da ƙamshi na musamman da ɗan ja.
Aspen na dangin Willow sun fi pollen. Suna fure a watan Afrilu, suna ba da tarin pollen mai launin toka da ƙaramin adadin nectar (har zuwa kilogiram 8 a kowace rana). Bugu da ƙari, ƙudan zuma masu tashi suna tattara zuma da kuma koda daga wannan shuka don samar da propolis.
Steppe da gandun daji steppe
Kimanin rabin dazuzzukan wannan yanki an halicce su ne ta hanyar wucin gadi kuma suna buƙatar kulawar ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari kuma, murfin daji yana raguwa a hankali yayin da yake tafiya tare da ɗakin kwana daga arewa zuwa kudu. Yawancin gandun daji ana ganin su a cikin Carpathians na Ukrainian.
Babban nau’in gandun daji (har zuwa 90%) suna wakiltar beech, itacen oak, fir, Pine. Mun tattauna game da yawan amfanin gonakin waɗannan bishiyoyi a sama.
dangane da akwai, yana da ban sha’awa kawai a matsayin pollen farkon bazara. Yana da wani yanayi na yanayi mai faɗi, wanda ya fi son dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da gauraye. Yana girma, har ma a cikin tsaunuka, yana tashi har zuwa mita 2 sama da matakin teku. Baya ga nau’in gandun daji, wanda ya fi yaduwa a yankin Turai na nahiyar, akwai beech na gabas tare da yanki a cikin Crimea da Caucasus. Itacen yana girma a hankali. Furanni na farko sun bayyana suna da shekaru fiye da shekaru 300. Flowering yana faruwa a tsakiyar bazara, lokaci guda tare da bayyanar ganye.
Bishiyar zuma mafi daraja a yankin sune:
Farin kaciya, bada a cikin yankunan kudancin Ukraine har zuwa 300-600 kilo na nectar daga daya hectare na girma girma. Ana samun shukar a cikin wuraren shakatawa da murabba’in birni, tare da taimakonsa suna samar da belin daji na kariya ga filayen. Itacen zuma yana fure a ƙarshen Mayu, farkon Yuni kuma yana ɓoye nectar na kwanaki 7-10. Ana daraja zuma sosai a kasuwa saboda ƙamshi mai daɗi, ɗanɗanon ɗanɗanon ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano da iyawar ba za ta daɗe ba.
Robinia (ruwan hoda ko pseudoacacia) Ko da yake yana samar da ɗan ƙaramin nectar a lokaci ɗaya, yana fure a cikin raƙuman ruwa, har sau 4-5 a shekara tare da hutu na makonni biyu. Wannan yana ba ƙudan zuma damar tattara nectar da pollen daga Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Wannan siffa ce mai mahimmanci don lokutan kyauta.
Linden bishiyoyi ba da girbi mai kyau na zuma na rani, idan yanayin yana da dumi kuma bai bushe ba (kimanin 600-1 kg).
Daban-daban na maples. a samar da cin hancin kilogiram 150-200 a kowace hekta na gonaki masu yawa.
Ana samar da zuma a farkon bazara a yankin saboda itacen willow, hazelnuts, alders, bishiyar ‘ya’yan itace da ciyayi.
Тайга
Bishiyar da aka fi sani a wannan yanki ita ce hankali, dan gidan Pine. Yana da juriya ga sanyi mai tsanani (wanda aka samo ko da bayan Arctic Circle). Yana girma sosai a cikin marshes da swamps, ba tare da buƙatar ingancin ƙasa ba. Yana saurin cika wuraren da aka kone da kuma wuraren da ake sare itace. Ita ce shukar pollen wacce kuma ke ɓoye molasses da wani abu mai resin da ƙudan zuma ke tattarawa don samar da propolis. Yana fure a watan Afrilu-Mayu, kuma a arewa – a watan Yuni. Bishiyoyin suna fure tun suna shekara 15. Ana lura da kyakkyawan aiki kowane shekaru 5-7.
Siberian fir Wani wakilin pine ne, wanda ya samo asali daidai a cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske. Wani lokaci yana samar da tsire-tsire na gandun daji masu tsabta, amma sau da yawa yana girma a cikin gandun daji na spruce. Yana fure a watan Mayu kuma yana da matukar talauci tushen pollen da molasses. Ana fara samar da iri tun yana shekara 30.
Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na gandun daji na yankin suna wakiltar Pine, fir, farin poplar, koren alder.
Shuka amfanin gona
Bishiyoyin ‘ya’yan itace a ko’ina – ana samun su kusa da apiaries inda mutum ke shuka lambuna don ‘ya’yan itatuwa da berries. Ba wani yanki ɗaya na sirri ko gidan rani da zai iya yin ba tare da amfanin gonakin lambu ba.
Bari mu yi la’akari da mafi mashahuri daga cikinsu dangane da aikin nectar.
apricot itace mai tsayi mai tsayi na dangin Rosaceae. Akwai nau’ikan daji waɗanda suke girma sosai a cikin bel na kariya na hanya da filin. Ƙananan ɗigon ɗigon ruwa suna girma a kansu. Akwai nau’ikan al’adu dubu da yawa a duniya! Itacen yana fure a watan Maris-Afrilu, yana ba da cin hanci a kowace hekta na kilo 30 zuwa 40.
Kara karantawa: Apricot a matsayin shuka zuma
na al’ada – ƙaramin itace na dangin Rosaceae. Wasu nau’ikan suna girma azaman kayan ado na ado don filaye na sirri. Yana blooms a watan Mayu don kwanaki 10-15. Karancin aikin nectar: har zuwa kilogiram 19 a kowace kadada.
Cherry – mafi yawan amfanin gona a cikin lambuna, na biyu kawai ga itatuwan apple a yawansu. Yana fure da wuri, ba tare da tsoron sanyi ba. Yakan yi fure kadan kafin itacen apple. Yawan aiki na nectar shine 30-40 kg.
Pera – wakilin dangin Rosaceae, yana son ƙasa baki. Akwai duka nau’ikan itatuwan daji da aka noma. Duk nau’ikan suna fure a cikin Afrilu-Mayu na kwanaki 10-14. Yawan aiki na nectar shine kusan kilogiram 20.
peach – noman ‘ya’yan itace na yankunan kudu, furanni a cikin Maris-Afrilu. Yana ba da abinci a farkon bazara, kasancewar mahimmin tushen nectar da pollen. Yawan amfanin zuma har zuwa kilogiram 40 a kowace kadada na gonar lambu. Itacen yana tsoron sanyi.
plum – Noman lambu mai tsayi da juriya. Flowers a watan Mayu daga 7 zuwa 10 days. Kudan zuma masu tashi suna ziyartar bishiyoyi sosai. Tarin yau da kullun na nectar daga yankuna masu ƙarfi shine 1,8-2 kg kowace rana.
Kari – sanannen bishiyar lambun, wanda aikin sa ya dogara kai tsaye akan pollination na kwari. Don kiwon kudan zuma, mafi girman sha’awa shine nau’in daji wanda ke sauƙaƙe bel na daji, wuraren shakatawa, murabba’ai. Cherries Bloom a ƙarshen Afrilu, farkon Mayu. Wannan amfanin gona yana samar da pollen da nectar ga ƙudan zuma (har zuwa kilogiram 2,8 kowace rana). Itacen yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa yankunan kudan zuma lokacin aiki akan acacia.
Itace Apple – mafi mashahuri shuka shuka (shuke-shuken ta sun mamaye kusan kashi 70% na dukkan lambuna). Masu kiwo sun haɓaka nau’ikan iri da yawa waɗanda suka dace da kusan kowane yanki na yanayi. Ayyukan itace ya dogara kai tsaye akan pollination na ƙudan zuma. Aiki a cikin gonar apple, kwari suna kawo kilo 20 na zuma a kowace hekta zuwa amya. Har ila yau, itacen apple yana da kyau pollen.
Ya kamata a lura cewa tsire-tsire na zuma a gonar da kuma kewayen gonaki a mafi yawan lokuta kawai suna ba da amfanin gona na zuma. Wannan cikakke ya shafi bishiyoyin ‘ya’yan itace. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da tsire-tsire na daji iri-iri: alder, hazelnut (hazelnut), Birch, da sauran tsire-tsire na pollen.
