Nematodes su ne ainihin rikici. Suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna da wuyar ganewa, amma sakamakon irin wannan rashin kulawa zai kashe ku da gaske. Wadannan tsutsotsi na iya lalata girbin amfanin gonakin lambu da na lambu. Suna matukar son parasitizing shuke-shuke na cikin gida. Bari mu gano menene waɗannan kwari da yadda za a magance su.
Karas da nematodes ya shafa. Farmer Burea-Uinsurance.com Gwamnatin Yammacin Ostiraliya
Abun ciki:
Nematode bayyani.
Nematodes, ko roundworms (nematodes, nematodes) – nau’in tsutsotsi (bisa ga sauran rarrabuwa, nematodes sune nau’in nau’in nau’in tsutsotsi, wanda ya hada da tsutsotsi na ciki).
Daya daga cikin mafi girma iri a cikin dabba daular. An bayyana kusan nau’ikan nau’ikan 30, amma ainihin bambancin ya fi girma. Dangane da adadin bayanin sabbin nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in ingantattun ingantattun kwari, ana iya ɗauka cewa ainihin adadin nau’ikan ya kai kusan 000.
Yawancin nau’ikan nematodes sune ƙwayoyin cuta na shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da mutane (roundworms, trichinella, hookworm, rishta, da sauransu). Mutanen da suke rayuwa cikin ‘yanci suna rayuwa a cikin tekuna, da ruwa mai kyau, da kuma a ƙasa. Suna haifar da cututtuka ta hanyar nematodes na tsire-tsire, dabbobi da mutane: nematodes.
Tsawon jikin nematodes shine 80 microns zuwa 8 m (wannan shine tsayin placentonema gigantissima parasite, wanda ke zaune a cikin maniyyi whale). Jikin nematodes yana da siffa mai siffa mai kama da dunƙule wanda ke tafe a ƙarshensa. A ɓangaren giciye, jikin yana zagaye kuma yana da siffa ta gefe biyu.
Nematode iri: shuka parasites.
Cututtukan tsire-tsire na Nematode suna haifar da yawancin nematodes masu cutarwa. Ana samunsa a cikin shuke-shuken daji da yawa da ake nomawa. Mafi sau da yawa, alamun waje na cututtukan nematode a cikin tsire-tsire suna bayyana ta hanyar raguwar bayyanar seedlings, girma da haɓakar seedlings, fure mai rauni, wani ɗan lokaci (wani lokaci mai mahimmanci) mutuwar tsire-tsire a ƙuruciya, raguwa ko asarar kayan samarwa. .
A cikin aiwatar da ciyarwa, nematodes sun keta mutuncin tushen, wanda ke sauƙaƙe shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta na fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka. Gabatar da nematodes a cikin tushen shuke-shuke yawanci yana haifar da reshe mai ƙarfi na tushen tsarin da ruɓewar ƙananan tushen, samuwar galls na sifofi daban-daban, kumburi mai nuni, gyambon da ke haifar da mutuwar tushen.
Tushen nematodes da ganye
Tushen nematodes da ganye suna sa fusiform thickening na mai tushe, underdevelopment na ruwa da nakasawa. Ganyen da foliar nematode ya shafa an rufe su da busassun busassun necrotic na sifar da ba ta dace ba, wacce ke cikin yanayin hargitsi. Mafi sau da yawa, nematodes ganye suna lalata lambun strawberries, nephrolepis, chrysanthemum. Ana samun tushen nematode a cikin kayan lambu: albasa da tafarnuwa, faski, parsnips, tumatir, radishes, da cucumbers.
Nematodes. Manoma Burea-Uinsurance.com CSIRO
Nematode gwoza
Cutar gwoza da nematode ke haifarwa ana kiranta gajiyar gwoza ( gajiyawar beet) na ƙasa, tunda bayyanarsa ana danganta shi da raguwar ƙasa da raguwar gishirin potassium; amma daga baya an fayyace hakikanin abin da ke haifar da cutar sakamakon binciken Kuhn da sauran su.
Lalacewar da nematode ke haifarwa ya ƙunshi launin ruwan ganye na ganye da raguwar girma da nauyi (sau 2-3) na tushen shuka, ƙarshen yakan rube gaba ɗaya. Adadin sukari a cikin beets marasa lafiya yana raguwa da fiye da 6%. Tare da yawan haihuwa na nematode, zai iya lalata shukar gwoza sosai.
Dankali nematode
Roundworm na iyali Heterodcridae. Tsawon jiki kamar 1mm. Parasitic a tushen dankali (kasa da yawan tubers), tumatir, da kuma wani lokacin baki nightshades. Ana samun nematode dankalin turawa a Turai, Asiya, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, da Ostiraliya.
Ci gaba daga larvae zuwa babban mutum na dankalin turawa nematode yana faruwa a cikin tushen (tuber) kyallen takarda na shuka. Maza masu kama da tsutsa masu kama da juna suna fitowa daga tushen zuwa ƙasa. Mata sun kasance a haɗe zuwa tushen (tuber) tare da kai; jikin da ya kumbura, wanda aka lullube shi da kauri mai kauri, yana fitowa waje.
Bayan haihuwa, namiji ya mutu, mace kuma ta samar da ƙwai sama da 1000, wanda ya kasance a cikin jikin mahaifiyar, wanda ya zama cyst bayan mutuwarta. A cikin bazara, larvae suna fitowa daga cyst kuma su mamaye tushen tsire-tsire.
Nematode dankalin turawa yana hana haɓaka dankalin turawa, yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa; Tare da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, tubers ba sa samuwa ko ƙananan tubers 1 zuwa 3 kawai suna girma.
Tushen nematodes
Filamentous tsutsotsi babban rukuni ne na tsutsotsi tsutsotsi a cikin ajin nematodes waɗanda ke haifar da gall akan tushen shuka.
Maza su ne vermiform (tsawon har zuwa 2 mm), mata sun kumbura, masu siffar kwai (tsawon su kusan 1 mm). Sun kasance polyphagous, suna cutar da nau’ikan tsire-tsire sama da 2 (ciki har da kayan lambu da amfanin gona na masana’antu, tsire-tsire na ado da na ganye, bishiyoyi da shrubs).
Ci gaba yana ɗaukar tsakanin kwanaki 19 zuwa 45. Mace a cikin gall tana yin kwai har dubu biyu a rayuwarta. Tsutsar nematode da ke tasowa a cikin kwai ta wuce molt na farko a cikin kwan, ta kyankyashe, ta shiga cikin tushen kuma tana ciyar da ruwan ‘ya’yan itace na shuka, ta rikide zuwa mace mara motsi ko namiji mai motsi, yana barin gall don neman. na mace. .
Nematode girma da ci gaban ana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar matsakaicin danshi na ƙasa da yanayin zafi a cikin kewayon 20-30 ° C. A wasu yankuna masu girma, matakan pH na ƙasa na 5.5 zuwa 5.8 suna da kyau don haɓaka nematode. Sauran abubuwa kamar nau’in ƙasa da hadi na halitta suma suna shafar yanayin rayuwar nematode.
Alamun waje na lalacewa ga tsire-tsire ta nematodes.
Tsire-tsire da nematodes suka shafa suna datsewa, suna yin murɗawa a cikin yanayin zafi, kuma suna yin tushe kaɗan kaɗan. Ƙananan raunuka suna bayyana akan tushen, zagaye ko elongated. Wadannan raunukan ba su da rawaya da farko, sannan yayin da cutar ta ci gaba sai su koma launin ruwan kasa. Dangane da girman lalacewa, tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta suna girma da kyau kuma suna nuna alamun rashin ruwa da na gina jiki.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa a cikin wasu shuke-shuke kananan bumps ko kwararan fitila suna samuwa a kan tushen. Suna hidima don adana abubuwan gina jiki. Alal misali, arrowroot, chlorophyte.
Alamun lalacewar tushen tumatir nematode. Farmer Burea-Uinsurance.com Jami’ar Jihar Ohio
Alamun lalacewar nematode akan ganyen shuka. Farmer Burea-Uinsurance.com Jami’ar Clemson
Alamomin cutar nematode na masara. Farmer Burea-Uinsurance.com Jami’ar Purdue
Nematode matakan kulawa da hanyoyin rigakafi.
Ana ɗaukar jujjuya amfanin gona ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi hanyoyin hana yaduwar nematodes akan wurin. Nematodes kwari ne na takamaiman tsire-tsire kuma ba za su iya ciyar da wani abu ba sai mai masaukin baki. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don haɓaka tsarin jujjuya amfanin gona ta yadda bayan kamuwa da cuta tare da nematode a cikin yankin da abin ya shafa na shekaru da yawa amfanin gona da ya shafa ba ya girma.
A wannan lokacin, larvae nematode yakamata su mutu a hankali. Wahalar mu’amala da nematodes ta wannan hanya shine cewa suna da ikon dawwama na dogon lokaci.
Don dasa shuki, yi amfani da tsire-tsire masu lafiya kawai, yankan.
Fesa tsire-tsire na cikin gida bai wuce sa’o’i biyar zuwa shida ba, ganyen bayan feshi yakamata ya bushe kafin dare.
Idan yanayin zafin jiki yayi ƙasa sosai, kiyaye tsire-tsire a bushe.
Wasu nau’in nematodes suna mutuwa lokacin da ƙasa ta bushe. Ana iya lalata su ta hanyar watsar da ƙasa a cikin ƙananan yadudduka da barin ta ta bushe gaba ɗaya.
Don guje wa kamuwa da cutar nematode akan tsire-tsire na cikin gida, kar a yi amfani da ƙasan lambun da ba a kula da shi ba don tsire-tsire na cikin gida. Kafin amfani, ƙasa dole ne a lanƙwasa ko tururi.
Hankali! Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan yayin amfani da ma’aikata masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke kashe nematodes, saboda suna da guba sosai kuma suna iya zama haɗari.
Yaƙi tare da tsarin da guba na lamba. Ana aiwatar da lalatawar nematodes ta hanyar fesa tsire-tsire sau 2-4 tare da tazara na kwanaki 3-5 tare da 0,02% bayani na mercaptophos, Lindane (ruskamine) ko phosphamide (BI-58, RAGOR). Duk da haka, ba sa kashe ƙwai a cikin harsashi na chitinous. Lokacin da dafin ya ƙare akan lokaci, ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙyanƙyashe.
Hanya ɗaya don magance nematode ita ce tushen zafi magani… An cire shuka da aka shafa daga ƙasa, ana wanke tushen daga ƙasa. Sa’an nan kuma tushen, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci, dukan shuka za a iya wanke shi da ruwa a zazzabi na 50-55 ° C. Wannan bayyanar da zafin jiki yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya dogara da tushen tushen kwari, saboda mafi kyawun zafin jiki don nematode. haifuwa shine 18-24 ° C, kuma a yanayin zafi sama da 50 ° C nematode ya mutu.
Wannan zafin jiki yana da lafiya ga shuke-shuke kuma yana kashe kwari.
Nematode qwai sune mafi juriya ga canje-canje a yanayin rayuwa. Har yanzu babu wani ingantaccen bayanai game da tsawon lokacin fallasa zuwa zafi: yana daga mintuna 5 zuwa 20.
Kowa zai iya tunanin irin wahalar da zafin wankan da aka kwatanta a sama yake. Yawancin masu sha’awar sha’awa a irin waɗannan lokuta, idan akwai cututtukan shuka tare da nematode, kawai yanke tushen. Yana da tsadar shukar da ƙarfi sosai don samar da sababbin tushen. Saboda haka, maganin zafi ya fi dacewa.
Kananan allurai na guba mai ɗauke da verkema-ruskamine yakamata a haɗe su da ƙasa. Tsarin aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan zai tsaftace gaba ɗaya har ma da babban tarin.
Ya kuke tinkarar wannan annoba? Za mu yi farin cikin jin shawarwarinku a cikin sharhin labarin ko a Dandalin mu.
