tumakin daji da na gida –

Tumaki sune jigon tsari na Artiodactyls, dangin Bovidae, da jinsin rago. Suna zaune a cikin daji ne kawai a yankin arewa. Sun fi mamaye wurare masu tsaunuka. Ganin gida fiye da shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ana kiwon tumaki saboda nama, da man shanu, da fatu masu daraja. Ana yin cuku mai daɗi daga madararsa. A yau, kiwon tumaki na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren noma a kasashe da dama.

Bayanin raguna

Janar bayanin nau’in

Kalmar ‘rago’ ta zo Rashanci daga Girkanci, inda ‘Barium’ ke nufin ‘ tumaki’. Tumakin daji da na gida suna kama da juna ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamanni na iya bambanta da nau’in jinsi da nau’in dabbobi, amma dabbobi suna da halaye iri ɗaya da halayen halitta:

• tsawon jiki – 1.4-1.8 m,
• nauyi: daga 25 zuwa 220 kg;
• tsawo: 65-125 cm,
• kai mai dogon hanci da kuma dan nuni da shi, sau da yawa a huce, an lullube shi da ulu gaba daya.
• lebban sirara ne da tafin hannu sosai,
• an kawata goshi da dogayen kaho masu lanƙwasa, a mazaje sun fi na mata girma, wasu nau’in gida ba su da ƙaho.
• idanu suna kan gefen kai, ɗalibai suna da rectangular, kusurwar kallon wannan nau’in shine 270-320 °, dabbobi suna iya ganin abin da ke faruwa a bayansu ba tare da juya kawunansu ba, hangen nesa na binocular ba shi da kyau.
• jin kamshi ya inganta sosai, wanda maza ke amfani da su wajen gane mace a lokacin zafi, da tunkiya wajen gane ’yan raguna.
• Ji yana da kyau, yana ba ku damar jin kanku kuma ku kusanci abokan gaba a nesa mai nisa.
• a bakin tumakin gida akwai hakora 32, a yanayi yawan hakora na iya bambanta,
• dandano yana bunƙasa sosai, dabbar ta zaɓa ta ci shuka mai ɗaci, ta yi watsi da ɗaci.
• jiki yana da silindi, an lulluɓe shi da ulu mai kauri.
• Ƙafafun suna da ɗaki da tsayi, an daidaita su don tafiya a kan filayen da duwatsu.
• wutsiya 7-15 cm tsayi, a cikin tumakin gida ya fi guntu,
• gashin gashi yana da tsayi da tsayi (5-20 cm), ya ƙunshi gashin waje da rigar, kyawawan nau’in gashin gashi suna da sutura kawai, maza a wuyansa na iya zama babban abin wuya,
• kalar gashi daga fari zuwa baki tare da tabarau daban-daban na launin toka da launin ruwan kasa.

Ana siffanta tumaki da furta dimorphism na jima’i. Maza (raguna) sun fi na mata ( raguna) yawa. Kaho na maza suna da girma, suna iya kaiwa kusan 2 m tsayi kuma suna da ban sha’awa sosai a cikin hoton. A cikin mata, ƙahonin ba su da tsayi da kauri, a wasu nau’in gida ba su da komai.

Rayuwa, hali da haifuwa

Tumaki suna rayuwa a rukuni, garken tumaki na iya zama daga mutane 10 zuwa ɗari da yawa. Idan ɗan ragon ya keɓe, yana fuskantar damuwa, sau da yawa yana rashin lafiya, kuma ya mutu da sauri. Shugaban garken shine tumaki mafi girma, tsarin mulki yana da tsauri, gwargwadon girman ƙahoni.

Dabbobin da aka kwatanta suna ciyar da nau’ikan ciyawa, shrubs, ganyen bishiya, berries, a cikin hunturu suna iya cin gansakuka da lichens. Tumaki ba su da abin da za su ci, nau’in daji na iya rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka, a cikin hamada, inda abinci ya yi karanci. Mutane suna aiki da safe da rana, wani lokaci da dare, da rana kuma suna hutawa a cikin inuwa.

Tumaki suna zaune a rukuni suna cin ganye

Tsarin sigina mai rikitarwa yana taimaka wa tumaki sadarwa. Sauti sun haɗa da busa, huɗa, gunaguni, wani lokacin ma dabbobi ma suna yin kururuwa. Namiji a lokacin kiwo suna yin kaho, mata za su iya yin kururuwa a lokacin rabon gado. Hakanan, tare da taimakon bugun jini, dabbobin suna kiran junansu a cikin garke.

Girman jima’i na raguna da raguna yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 1.5-3, daga baya a cikin nau’in daji fiye da na gida. Lokacin kiwo a yankunan kudu yana farawa a ƙarshen Yuli, a arewa – a cikin Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Rago suna fada a tsakaninsu domin mace domin ta gane wanene ya fi cancanta a cikinsu. Wakilai masu ƙarfi ne kawai ke haɗuwa. A wannan lokacin, maza suna da haɗari sosai.

Ciki yana da watanni 5. Ragon daji mace ta haifi ‘yan raguna 1-2, na gida, 2-3, a wasu lokuta fiye da haka. Daga minti na farko, jaririn ya tashi kuma ana shafa shi da sauri a kan nono. A zamanin farko, mata masu ciki suna ɓoye a wuraren da ba a sani ba, amma bayan mako guda suna zuwa kiwo da wasu tumaki. Rago suna ciyar da madara don watanni 3-4, a cikin rabin shekara ragon ya riga ya zama cikakken ‘yanci.

raguna daji

A cikin yanayi, akwai nau’ikan raguna da yawa. Wurin zama nata ya mamaye kusan dukkan yankin arewaci. Ya zuwa yanzu, ana lura da mafi yawan adadin dabbobi a yankunan tsaunuka na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turkiyya, Afghanistan da Pakistan. Za ku iya saduwa da su a yankin tsaunin Tibet, a cikin Altai, da Caucasus, a cikin tsaunin Tien Shan, a Yammacin Siberiya. Tumaki suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka, daga Mexico zuwa Kanada zuwa Alaska.An yi imanin cewa nau’in daji a Turai sun bace kusan shekaru 3.000 da suka wuce. Yanzu akwai nau’in gida na daji kawai a Girka, Spain, Malta, Cyprus. Amma ba duk masanan dabbobi sun yarda da wannan ba.

Ba a samar da haɗin kai na nau’in daji ba. Wasu masu bincike sunyi la’akari da kaddarorin na waje, yayin da wasu suna kula da adadin chromosomes. A cikin tumaki, ya bambanta daga 50 zuwa 58 nau’i-nau’i. Har ila yau, ko da a cikin mutum a cikin sel daban-daban, zai iya bambanta. Nau’in da ke da lambobi daban-daban na chromosomes na iya haɗuwa kuma su haifar da ɗiya masu yawa. Turkmen steppe tumaki da miski wani lokacin kuskure ana rarraba su cikin waɗannan nau’ikan. A haƙiƙa, waɗannan dabbobin na dangin bovine ne.

Iri-iri na tumakin daji

A yau irin wannan nau’in tumakin daji an san su:

• Turawa mouflon. Yana zaune a Sardinia, a Corsica, a wasu ƙasashen kudancin Turai. Yana da nauyin kilogiram 50, tsayinsa ya kai cm 125, yana da jajayen kai a lokacin rani da launin ruwan kasa a lokacin sanyi, kuma yana da farin ciki. A cikin maza, ƙahonin suna da tsayi kusan 65 cm, suna da sashin triangular, kuma a cikin mata kusan babu su.
• Asiya mouflon. Yana zaune a Indiya, Iran, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Transcaucasia, Turkiyya. Yana auna kimanin 80 kg, tsayinsa shine 90 cm, tsayinsa shine 150 cm. An karkatar da ƙaho na maza, kewaye a gindin kusan 30 cm, a cikin mata sun fi ƙanƙanta. Launi a lokacin rani ja ne mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin rawaya, duhu a lokacin hunturu, a bayansa akwai nau’in ratsin duhu mai launin fari mai nuna gashi.
• Cyprus Mouflon. Kusan tumakin daji da ke zaune a Cyprus. Dabbobin suna da nauyin kilogiram 25-35, suna girma a cikin kewayon 65-75 cm, tsayin jikinsu ya kai cm 110. An yi wa kan ɗan rago mai gashi ado da ƙaho masu lanƙwasa wanda tsayinsa ya kai 50-60 cm. Kalar daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa zinari ne, lankwasa da saman kofaton fari ne, akwai bakar dila a bayansa.
• Urian Tana zaune a yankunan tsaunuka na Indiya, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, da kuma ƙasashe a tsakiyar Asiya. Nauyin: a cikin yanki na 85-90 kg, girma na kimanin mita daya, tsawon: 145-151 cm, ƙahoni suna da kauri, har zuwa mita daya a tsayi, kauri a tushe ya fi 30 cm, karkace karkace . Rigar tana da haske a lokacin rani kuma tana yin duhu a lokacin hunturu. Urian da mouflon na iya haɗuwa da juna kuma su haifar da ɗiya masu yawa.
• Arkhar. Yana zaune a yankunan tsakiyar Asiya, a gabashin Siberiya. Mafi girma a cikin dukan raguna daji. Nauyinsa shine 65-120kg, tsayinsa shine 90-120cm, tsayinsa kusan 2m. Manyan ƙaho a cikin maza na iya kaiwa santimita 190. Launukan gashi suna da yashi zuwa launin toka tare da launin ruwan kasa. A cikin yanayi, akwai nau’ikan 9 na argali.
• Bighorn tumaki. Wurin zama ya yi daidai da yankunan gabashin Siberiya. Nauyin dabba daga 60 kg zuwa 150 kg, nauyin mace shine 33-65 kg. Girma: kadan fiye da mita. An karkatar da ƙaho a cikin zobe, santsi, ba tare da ƙima ba, tsayinsa shine 1.3-1.8 m. Rago da tunkiya duka suna da ƙahoni. Jawo a baya yana da duhu launin ruwan kasa, da karfi da bambanci da farin ciki.
• Rago na nau’i mai kauri. Yana zaune a Kanada, Amurka, har zuwa gabar tekun California. Ta auna 70-140 kg (mace – 50-90 kg). Maza suna da ƙaho fiye da mita ɗaya, an murɗe su zuwa zobe, mata masu siffar sikila. Rigar yashi launin ruwan kasa, ruwan kasa ko baki. Akwai nau’in tsaunuka da hamada iri-iri na karkanda, hamada ƙaramin dwarf ce ta dutsen.
• Dalla mai ƙaho mai ƙaho. Wani nau’in Ba’amurke mai suna bayan wanda ya gano shi. Yana zaune a arewacin nahiyar. Nauyin dabbobin yana da kusan kilogiram 140, tsayin 1.4-1.6 m. Kahonin sun karkace, tsayin sama da mita daya. Akwai nau’ikan tumaki guda biyu: masu fari da launin toka.

Tumakin daji da tumaki sun fi son zama a cikin iyakataccen yanki, yanki na kusan kilomita 30-40, kamar akuyar dutse. A cikin hunturu, ragon dutse yana saukowa daga kololuwa zuwa kwaruruka, inda akwai karin abinci. A lokacin kiwo, garken tumaki ƙanana ne, jimlar kusan mutane 30. A cikin hunturu, dabbobin suna taruwa a manyan ƙungiyoyin dabbobi 500-1000.

Tumakin gida

Kakannin duk tumakin gida su ne Mouflons. Suna da bayanan waje iri ɗaya da adadin chromosomes iri ɗaya. A da, asalin kuma an samo shi daga Urian, amma yanzu an yi watsi da wannan ka’idar. Mutane suna kiwon wannan nau’in fiye da shekaru 8,000. Sun ɗauki matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin al’adun mutane da yawa. Kowa ya san tsohuwar tarihin Girkanci game da Golden Fleece da Argonauts. Aries yana shiga cikin taurari na zodiac. Tumakin suna wakiltar allahn Masar na d ¯ a Amun da gunkin Ba’al na Phoenician, har ma a wasannin kwamfuta na zamani ARK da M8, wannan halin yana nan.

Rago na dutse ya kan yi ado da duwatsun kaburbura a Armeniya da kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. Mayaƙa na dā sun ɗaure fatun tumaki da garkuwa kuma suka rubuta a kansu zuwa ga maƙiyan: ‘Za ku fāɗi, takobina za ya kashe ku!’ Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano kwanyar dabbobi a cikin hakoran haikalin arna da bagadai a kusurwoyi daban-daban na duniya. Kiwon tumaki yanzu ya shahara sosai a inda Musulunci ya yi karfi. Wannan hujja na iya zama alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa wannan addini ya hana yin amfani da naman alade.

Rayuwar tumakin gida da na daji iri ɗaya ne. Duk waɗannan da sauran suna taruwa a cikin garke. An bayyana tsarin sarauta a fili a rukuni: kan mutum ne wanda aka yi wa katon babban kan rago ado da ƙaho mafi ƙarfi. Dabbobi sun fi son yin kiwo da safe da rana. Bayyanawa ya dogara sosai akan nau’in. An bambanta ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa (la’akari da yawan aiki):

• Nama. Wadannan nau’o’in suna samun nauyi da sauri, za su iya kaiwa nauyin fiye da 200 kg, naman su yana da laushi, yawan amfanin gona bayan yanka yana da yawa.
• Nama da ulu. Baya ga kyawawan halaye na naman, ragon yana da kauri da dogon gashi.
• Nama. Waɗannan raguna suna da nauyi kuma suna da kitse sosai
• Fatsi Babban fasalin irin waɗannan nau’ikan shine wutsiya mai kitse da aka haɓaka a bayan jiki, daga abin da zaku iya samun har zuwa kilogiram 5-6 na mai.
• Wool Wadannan ragunan ana kiwo ne da ulu, nauyinsu kadan ne, amma gashinsu yana da tsayi da kauri, bayan an yanke su da tsefe su sai su sami kilogiram kadan na ulu.

An raba ingancin ulun tumaki zuwa:

• Kyakkyawan ulu. Wadannan dabbobin suna da sutura kawai, tsayinsa zai iya wuce 15-20 cm.
• Semi-fused. Suna da gashin waje, amma ba shi da kauri kuma ba shi da laushi sosai.
• Kauri gashi. Waɗannan tumaki suna da kauri, kauri da gashi kwarangwal.

Kyawawan nau’ikan ulu masu kyau sune masu samar da ulu masu inganci masu inganci, daga abin da aka yi samfuran Jawo masu tsada. Daga ulun tumaki mai laushi mai laushi, kuna samun matashin kai mai kyau, bargo mai ƙyalli, murfin katifa, jaket da gashin gashi. An dinka katifu, silifas, takalman ji, insoles, sirdin doki da aka dinka da ulu mai kauri, ana yin kafet da sauran kayayyaki. Ana kuma amfani da fatun dabbobi. Daga gare su za ku iya yin huluna astrakhan, irin su hoton Shevchenko, gashin gashi, gashin tumaki da sauran abubuwa na fata. Sun ce gashin tumaki da fata suna da tasirin warkewa akan radiculitis, arthritis, da sauran kaddarorin masu amfani.

Ta hanyar haifuwa, ana rarraba nau’ikan tumaki zuwa na farko ko na asali kuma ana noma su. An haifar da nau’ikan asali ta hanyar shahararrun hanyoyin zaɓi na ƙarni. Al’ada ta bayyana a cikin shekaru 100-200 na ƙarshe, tare da ƙirƙirar ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya. Akwai nau’ikan iri da yawa a duniya, ga waɗanda suka fi shahara:

• Romanovskaya,
• Texas,
• Suffolk,
• Dorper,
• Kamaru,
• Karakul,
• Tashlinskaya,
• Tashlinskaya,
• Edilbaevskaya,
• North Caucasus,
• Kuibeshevskaya.

Akwai shanun tumaki da yawa a kasar Sin. Belin kiwo ya kai Australia, Indiya, Iran, New Zealand, Ingila. Tumaki suna girma a cikin Caucasus, a kudancin Rasha, Asiya ta Tsakiya. Ana zabar jinsin bisa ga abin da ake kiwon shanun.

Kulawa da kulawa

Tumakin gida da aka ƙoshi da kyau dabba ce mara fa’ida, tana da sauƙin kulawa. Babban buƙatun shine isassun yanki don kiwo da wadatattun wurare don kulawa. Garken yana ciyar da mafi yawan shekara akan kiwo. Ana kuma shirya wani paddock a can, ana iya buɗe shi, tare da ƙofar da akwai abin dogara don rufewa. Don kiwon rago ko naman rago, ana buƙatar ha 1 na ƙasa. Ya kamata a sami tafki kusa da wurin kiwo, dabbar tana buƙatar kimanin lita 10 na ruwa kowace rana.

Tumaki da raguna suna buƙatar kulawar da ta dace

A lokacin sanyi, ana ajiye garken a kan makiyayi. Don shuka 10 tare da raguna kuna buƙatar 40m² na farfajiyar ƙasa. Ana ajiye rago ko raguna a cikin ɗakuna daban-daban, ya kamata a raba su da sassa don kada maza su yi yaƙi. Yanayin zafin jiki a cikin sito kada ya kasance ƙasa da 9 ° C, kada a yarda da zane-zane – suna da illa ga tumaki . Lokacin da aka gina gona a yankuna masu zafi, ba a samar da dumama. Ana buƙatar kariya mai kyau a wuraren sanyi.

Ciyarwa

Ciyar da dabbobi yana da sauƙi – suna cin kusan kowace shuka. A lokacin rani, korayen ciyawa ya ishe su, muddin makiyayin ya jagoranci garken zuwa wurin kiwo na akalla sa’o’i 13 a rana. A cikin hunturu, dole ne a ciyar da dabbobin abinci na halitta. Ana hada tumaki a cikin abincin:

• Abincin mai daɗi: silage da amfanin gona na tushen (beets, dankali, karas, da sauransu).
• Abinci mai gina jiki: hay da bambaro. / Li>
• Abincin da aka tattara: hatsi, masara, Peas da sauran legumes, bran, cake mai.

Akwai tumaki da ake yi wa sau uku a rana. Ciyarwar dare kada ta kasance mai gamsarwa sosai. Kafin zubar da hankali a cikin gandun daji, ya kamata a shayar da dabbobin. Yawan abinci da adadin abincin ya dogara da manufar kiwon dabbobi. Don haɓakar ulu mai kyau, ciyawa da hay ya kamata su yi nasara a cikin abinci. Idan ana kitso don yanka, ana ba da nama, wainar mai da ciyawa da wake.

An shirya shari’ar don ƙarshen bazara ko farkon fall. Yana da kyau a ketare daidaikun mutane a cikin nau’in iri ɗaya. Ana barin maza 2-3 su hayayyafa, kuma ana zubar da tunkiya da ba su dace ba. Castration yana faruwa kafin balaga, a cikin watanni 5-6.

Watanni 5 bayan saduwar aure, ƴan raguna suna fitowa, tunkiya mace za ta iya haihuwa 2-3 a lokaci guda. Tsarin yana ɗaukar kusan rabin sa’a, an raba mahaifa cikin sauƙi. Idan nakuda yana da wahala, ana allurar oxytocin a cikin mata, an cire tayin da hannu, amma irin wannan buƙatar ba ta cika faruwa ba. Tunkiya tana ciyar da ‘yan raguna har zuwa watanni 2-3, bayan haka ana tura matasa zuwa ciyar da manya.

Idan ana shayar da mata, ana yaye yaran da wuri. Amma yaye da sauri da kuma tura shi ga abincin manya na iya zama cutarwa, raguna sun fara samun dyspepsia, ketosis, gazawar koda, kuma yawan nauyin yana raguwa. Yawancin ragon da aka yaye suna shafar tsutsotsi (annelids da tapeworms), cututtuka na hanji.

Amfanin kiwo

Garken tumaki da sauri ya biya kansa. Kudin ciyarwa kadan ne, tumaki suna girma da sauri, ana iya tura dabbobin dabba zuwa gidan yanka a farkon watanni 7-8. Kuna iya samun ‘yan kilogiram na ulu daga ulu. Ana yin gyaran gashi sau biyu a shekara. Gonar tumaki na iya farawa da mutane goma sha biyu, kuma nan da shekaru biyu garken zai girma zuwa ɗaruruwa ko ma dubbai. Kamar yadda yake a kowace kasuwancin gona da noma, noman tumaki yana da fa’ida da rashin amfaninsa, amma har yanzu akwai sauran fa’idodi. Dabbobi na iya amfana sosai daga samfuran masu zuwa:

• nama,
• mai tumaki,
• lana,
• fata,
• madara, man shanu da cuku,
• taki domin taki.

Nawa ne kudin rago? Farashin ya dogara da nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) wanda za’a iya siyan rayayyen tunkiya mai rai don yanka akan 110-200 rubles da kilogiram na nauyin nauyi. Ƙananan ɗan rago na iya kudin 2000-4000 rubles. Ba asiri ba ne cewa mafi tsada irin su Merino. Ana sayar da tumaki masu kyau na ulu don kiwo akan ɗari da yawa, ko ma dubban daloli. Zai fi kyau saya tumaki daga gonaki na musamman don watanni 3-4.