Mafi yawan yankunan kasar Rasha suna cikin yankin da ke da yanayi mai zafi. Yana da yanayin yanayin zafi mara kyau da kuma rufe dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu da wani ɓangare na ƙananan yanayi. Sabili da haka, ya kamata mutum ya zaɓi nau’in ƙudan zuma a hankali wanda ya dace da kiyayewa a cikin irin wannan yanayi kuma ya san yadda za a jure dogon hunturu da tabbaci. Wannan bayanin ya dace da nau’in Rasha ta Tsakiya.
Features da Bayyanar
Kudan zuma sun zauna a Arewacin Turai shekaru 8 da suka wuce. Kadan kadan, wadanda suka fi juriya sun mika su zuwa arewa maso gabas har zuwa tsaunukan Ural, an kai su Siberiya. Har yanzu suna zaune a Rasha.
A maimakon sunan ‘Duhu Bature’ na irin nau’in, an gabatar da wani sabo: ‘Kudan zuma ta Tsakiyar Rasha’. “Double Melifera” kuma game da ita: a cikin Latin, sunan yana kama da “Apis mellifera mellifera”, wanda a zahiri yana nufin ” zuma zuma.”
Wakilan jinsin Rasha ta Tsakiya sun bambanta sosai da kwari na kudanci. Takaitaccen bayanin halayen da za a iya gane su da su:
- babban jiki (tsawon mutum mai aiki shine 12 mm, mahaifa shine 15 mm, nauyi, bi da bi, 100-110 MG da 190-210 MG) launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko baki tare da layin launin toka, gashi da yawa;
- gajere da tsawo proboscis (a matsakaita 6,15 mm);
- ƙarar goiter zuma mara komai ya karu da sau 1,5 (cubic mm 20);
- fikafikai tsayi da ƙarfi (9,6-9,7 mm).
Don tunani!
Irin waɗannan halaye na waje suna ba ƙudan zuma damar tattara adadin pollen da nectar a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin fure daga tsire-tsire na zuma, don ba wa kansu zuma don dogon lokacin hunturu.
Mutanen Rasha ta Tsakiya suna da tsayayya da cututtuka da yawa, an daidaita su don tsira da yanayin zafi mara kyau (har zuwa + 4 ° C, har ma suna tashi a waje da hive), ba sa buƙatar canja wurin gidaje don hunturu a cikin gida.
Inda zan zauna
Tuni 3 ƙarni da suka wuce, ƙudan zuma na wannan nau’in sun yadu a kudu maso gabashin Turai, ta tsakiyar Rasha zuwa Transbaikalia. Amma saboda wasu abubuwan musamman, masu kiwon zuma da yawa sun zaɓi wasu nau’ikan, haɗuwa tare da swarms da aka shigo da su daga yankunan kudanci yana faruwa.
A halin yanzu, iyalan da ke cikin nau’in kudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha suna zaune a yankin Turai na Rasha, a kudancin Urals da Siberiya. Wannan ita ce tazarar arewa inda suke kiwon kwarin zuma; Tare da shi akwai biranen Kazan, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk.
Nau’o’in kudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha
A cikin karni na XNUMXth, an haifi mutane daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha, wanda ya bambanta da girmansa da inganci. Manyan sassan:
- Vladimirskaya, Oryol, Polesskaya, Priokskaya (Distrito Federal Central);
- Vologda (Arewa maso Yammacin Tarayyar Tarayya);
- Bashkir, Tatar, Mordovian, Kirov, Perm (Federal District na Volga);
- Chelyabinsk (Ural Federal District);
- Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Altai, dutsen taiga (Siberian FD).
Ƙudan zuma na tsakiya na Rasha daga al’ummar Altai, da Orlov, Bashkir, Tatar, ana daukar su da tsabta.
Ayyukan kiwo yana nufin a hankali kawar da gazawar wakilan nau’in yayin da yake riƙe kyawawan halaye. An gano ƙarni na biyu sau da yawa suna da rauni fiye da na farko, musamman tare da gauraye na sabani. Ana buƙatar siyan fakitin kudan zuma a cikin sanannun gandun daji, kula da manyan alamun don kada ku yi karo da giciye.
Halayen kudan zuma ta Tsakiyar Rasha
Yawancin nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan an samo su ne sakamakon daidaitawa ga yanayin rayuwa mai tsauri a cikin yanayin yanayin zafi na yankunan arewacin Rasha kuma yana ba da damar iyalai su jure wa dogon lokacin sanyi. Kudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha na iya jure wa yanayin zafi ƙasa da -40 ° C idan gidajensu a waje suke, da kyau tare da dusar ƙanƙara da kayan daban-daban. Ba sa kunna lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi a lokacin defrosts, sun daɗe a cikin gidan, suna adana abinci da makamashi.
Bayan hunturu, ƙudan zuma na tsakiya na Rasha “tashi” daga baya, amma tsarin haifuwa ya fi tsanani, har ma ba tare da ciyar da kuzari ba. Kwarin da ke da girma da girman jiki yana buƙatar ƙarar ƙwayar zuma mai girma (5,6 mm). Dole ne a yi la’akari da wannan lokacin shirya firam ɗin tushe. Zubar da saƙar zuma koyaushe yana da ƙarfi, saboda haɓakar glandan kakin zuma.
Don tunani!
Kwayoyin kwari suna dacewa da dogon lokacin hunturu (har zuwa watanni 7 na hutawa, daga farkon Oktoba zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu). Godiya ga wannan, ana kiyaye kudan zuma daga kwari da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci ba don fara haɓaka a cikin bazara. Har ila yau, wakilan nau’in suna da ƙwayar hanji mai yawa wanda ke karewa daga tasirin parasites da abubuwa masu guba.
Sanya amya a cikin inuwa don guje wa zafi daga hasken rana.
An bambanta ƙudan zuma na tsakiyar Rasha ta hanyar ingantaccen aiki a lokacin lokacin cin hanci, suna yin jiragen da yawa don neman ganima. Suna cikin sauri don tara abinci mai yawa gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu na tsawon lokaci daga faɗuwar bazara zuwa bazara, suna cin gajiyar kwanakin shukar zuma na fure. Ana dakatar da aikin ne kawai a cikin ruwan sama da iska, amma wannan matakin yana da nufin adana rayuwar mafi yawan mutane.
Kwari yakan tattara nectar da pollen musamman daga nau’ikan tsire-tsire na zuma 1 zuwa 2, musamman a lokacin babban rani. Yana da wahala a gare su su daidaita don neman wasu hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, don yin aiki tare da su. Furen da aka fi so su ne buckwheat, linden, heather da ciyawa na wuta kuma sun dace.
A farkon kakar wasa, ƙananan kudan zuma masu aiki suna barin cin hanci. Babban sashi yana shagaltar da shirye-shiryen brood don samun lokaci don fadada taro don tarin zuma mai aiki. Lokacin da furanni ke ci gaba da girma, ana tura dukkan sojojin zuwa jirgin don cin hanci, har ma mahaifar mahaifa takan sanya ƙwai kaɗan. Saboda haka, ana fitar da jirage marasa matuki daga baya fiye da sauran nau’ikan don kiyaye yanayin zafi a cikin gida yayin da ƙudan zuma masu aiki ke tattara ƙoshin ƙoshin.
Kwanin faɗuwa yana tsayawa da wuri don masu ƙarfi, marasa gajiyawa su bar lokacin hunturu.
Don tunani!
Ƙudan zuma na tsakiya na Rasha suna la’akari sosai m. A gaskiya ma, wakilansa masu tsabta ba sa son kare gida daga mutane ba tare da dalili ba, suna mayar da martani kawai ga kwari masu ban mamaki. Kwararrun masu kiwon zuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa hare-hare ba safai ba ne tare da hanyar da ta dace.
Tsarin Rasha ta Tsakiya, a gaskiya, ya fi rashin haƙuri da rashin kwanciyar hankali fiye da sauran tare da sa hannun masu kiwon zuma, amma sau da yawa kwari sukan ɓoye fiye da kai hari. Ba su wuce gona da iri na kariya ga ayyuka, domin su kansu ba sa iya yin sata. Sun fi damuwa da kare sarauniya da matasa.
Ana ba da shawarar kiyaye waɗannan ƙudan zuma a cikin apiaries nesa da gine-ginen zama, a cikin amya dake isassun nisa daga juna. Yana da kyau idan ginin gidaje ya rage buƙatar dubawa da magudi.
Ayyukan mai kula da kudan zuma kuma suna da mahimmanci: idan kuna aiki cikin nutsuwa, a cikin yanayi mai dumi da kwanciyar hankali, kada ku kawo wari mai daɗi akan tufafinku, da wuya kwari su yi gaggawar harba ku.
Tsakiyar Rasha zuma
Ma’aikatan sun fara cika tagwayen da ke saman ramin da zuma, inda suke samar da dumamar yanayi mai kyau daga rana, ta yadda za su samu saukin abinci a lokacin hunturu. Ana adana gurasar kudan zuma a cikin ɗakin gida.
Tsakiyar Rasha ƙudan zuma aiwatar adana nectar tare da enzymes, ƙara kadan guba. Sa’an nan kowane tantanin halitta an rufe shi ta hanya ta musamman: an kafa hular sama da matakin samfurin, yana barin ƙaramin sarari mara kyau. Wannan busasshen tambari ne.
Ana samun inganci mai inganci, zuma mai gaskiya, tare da daɗin ɗanɗano da ƙamshi.
Ana kiran shi monoflor, saboda ana samun shi ne daga nau’in shuka na zuma 1. Wannan zumar ta fi ruwa ruwa, ba ta da kusanci ga crystallization.
Sarauniya na tsakiyar Rasha irin ƙudan zuma
Matar da ta haihu ta fara yin ƙwai a ƙarshen bazara, a watan Mayu. Duk da haka, an bambanta shi ta hanyar haihuwa mafi girma kuma da sauri ya kama nau’in kudanci. Mahaifa na ƙudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha yana da ikon samar da ƙwai 2-3 dubu a kowace rana.
Don tunani!
Ƙaramin ƙaramar farko na samar da ruwan nectar baya haifar da raguwar samar da kwai. Dukkanin abincin an yi niyya ne don ciyar da matasa: a lokacin da babban abinci ya isa, ana buƙatar ƙudan zuma masu aiki da yawa. Amma a lokacin rani, a lokacin babban tarin zuma, mace tana yin ƙwai kaɗan.
An lura da cewa mahaifa na tsakiyar Rasha irin da wuya ba da damar drones na wasu nau’in yin aure. Bugu da ƙari, ba za ta kasance tare da sarauniya ta biyu ba, kuma swarm zai kare tsohuwar “sarauniya”, ba tare da karɓar maye gurbin ba. Saboda haka, an kori matashiyar sarauniya daga cikin hive.
.Wari
Ga mai kula da kudan zuma wanda bai saba da wannan yanayin ƙudan zuma na nau’in ƙudan zuma na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Rasha ba, zai zama abin ban mamaki mara kyau don samun babban hali don raba dangi da barin hive. A lokacin lokacin tarin zuma mai aiki, swarming baya faruwa, amma tare da ƙananan ganima kuna buƙatar yin hankali. Idan ƙudan zuma sun fara shirya don jirgin rukuni, yana da wuya a dakatar da su, shirya su don ƙarin aiki.
Don tunani!
Swarming yawanci yana faruwa tare da mahaifa mai shekaru 2-3, wanda haihuwa ta ragu. Yawancin lokaci 1-2 manyan swarms suna tashi, kuma idan ba a kauce wa wannan tsari ba, mai kula da kudan zuma zai rasa wani ɓangare na iyalai masu aiki zuwa tarin zuma.
Wajibi ne a maye gurbin tsohuwar mahaifa tare da matashi a cikin lokaci (kowane shekaru 2). Kamar yadda yake a cikin kiwon zuma na yankunan kudancin, hanyoyin kiwon kudan zuma na tsakiyar Rasha game da swarming sun hada da: sanyawa a cikin amya masu fadi tare da manyan gine-gine da aka sanya a cikin wani wuri mai duhu, ƙara firam tare da tushe, cire sel Sarauniyar da aka sake ginawa, samar da yadudduka.
Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani da irin
Babban ra’ayi game da tashin hankali na ƙudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha, da halin da suke ciki, wahalar canza tsire-tsire na zuma yana sa yawancin masu kiwon zuma suyi watsi da ra’ayin kiwo wannan nau’in. A halin yanzu, tare da gwanintar kulawa, za a iya kawar da rashin jin daɗi kuma ba zai zama matsala ba.
Tsarin Rasha ta Tsakiya yana da halaye masu kyau da yawa waɗanda suka sa ya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don apiary dake tsakiyar Rasha:
- Babban matakin juriya ga sanyin hunturu, dogon lokacin rashin aiki, lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙaramin iko da ƙarancin abinci.
- Aiki na musamman a lokacin tarin zuma.
- Samar da babban adadin samfurori masu amfani: zuma, gurasar kudan zuma, propolis, kakin zuma.
- Kariya ga cututtuka da yawa, ƙananan yuwuwar yaduwa.
- Haihuwar matasa sarauniya.
Waɗannan kaddarorin nau’ikan suna da mahimmanci sosai cewa lokacin da suke haifuwa ga ƙudan zuma na Tsakiyar Rasha kuma suna aiki akan zuriyar, suna ƙoƙarin adana su don ƙarni na gaba.
Za a iya cewa irin wannan nau’in ya dace da ƙwararrun masu kiwon zuma da kuma wuraren da za a bayyana amfanin sa sosai. Wakilan jinsin Rasha ta Tsakiya tare da dogon tarihin suna buƙatar kwantar da hankula, amincewa da mutunta kansu yayin kiyaye su. Da zarar ya kusa, mai kiwon kudan zuma zai sami lada da zuma mai daɗi da daɗi da yawa.
